This study investigated language shift among middle-age, adult, and youth age groups of the Bajau Sama Kota Belud indigenous people. The cross-sectional study involved 243 participants, selected ...using stratified sampling. The questionnaire was based on language transmission assessment by Brenzinger et al. (2003). Results showed that language shift across different skill areas — speaking, understanding, reading, and writing — showed that the Malay language in everyday life is more dominant than their mother tongue among adults and youths. The language skills and the language daily use scores of Bajau Sama adults and youths are not significantly correlated. The two groups manifest the four variables of language shift in Bajau Sama. This study shows that the language shift phenomenon in Bajau Sama is accelerated in the younger generation, and they serve as the living agent of language shift. Following this, there is an urgency to develop a Bajau Sama language corpus and to implement revitalisation initiatives in Kota Belud, Sabah.
The language shift phenomenon in the Bajau Sama Kota Belud in Sabah is definite. The researchers surveyed the phenomenon in Kampung Taun Gusi 1, Kota Belud, Sabah. Based on the age cross-sectional ...method, 300 participants of 20-29 years (G20s), 30-39 years (G30s), 40-49 years (G40s), and 50-59 years (G50s) respectively were selected by stratified sampling. The objective of this study is to formulate the dimensionality of language shift. The researchers found that speakers shifted from using the mother tongue to the Malay language after entering school. The Bajau Sama language spoken as the mother tongue has declined from one generation to another. For a better understanding of the Bajau Sama lexical, G20s meet Fishman’s (1991) implication scale negatively. The group achievement of nouns has decreased to 26.9%, verbs (33.9%), and adjectives (32%). Meanwhile, the attitude overtness towards the Bajau Sama language is most evident among G50s with a statistical min of 83.00, declining by 48.20 in G30s and 41.80 in G40s, which eventually and significantly decreased by 23.20 in G20s. In the family domain, G20s prefer using the Malay language over Bajau Sama. In the neighbourhood domain, G20s and G30s use the Malay language frequently. All the groups choose to speak the Malay language in the shop outlet domain. This study’s implications demonstrate G20s and G30s have shifted to use the Malay language in family and neighbourhood domains. This shifting justifies the low vocabulary knowledge in Bajau Sama compared to G40s and G50s. Overall, the language shift from the mother tongue to the Malay language in the Bajau Sama Kota Belud community occurred due to bilingualism, the level of status, and unequal power between the two languages, the impact of political, economic, and social situations on one language group. In conclusion, we suggested that the Bajau Sama standard language curriculum be introduced in primary schools to sustain its vitality as a revitalization program.
Keunikan dialek melayu Kelantan (DK) pula telah menarik minat banyak ahli fonologi Optimaliti untuk menjadikannya sebagai bahan analisis. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan aspek fonotaktik ...dialek Kelantan yang melibatkan posisi koda suku kata. Analisis sebelum ini telah berjaya memaparkan dan memerikan beberapa data yang signifikan untuk kajian ini. Oleh itu, data yang sama digunakan dalam kajian ini. Namun begitu, masih terdapat kekeliruan dan percanggahan pandangan tentang segmen bunyi yang boleh hadir di koda suku katanya dan set hierarki kekangan yang dapat menjelaskannya. Kajian ini telah berjaya merungkaikan permasalahan ini dengan menggunakan teori nahu terkini iaitu teori Optimaliti yang diperkenalkan oleh Prince, Smolensky dan McCarthy pada tahun 1993 dan masih menjadi teori utama dalam bidang linguistik sehingga sekarang. Berdasarkan analisis yang dibuat didapati bahawa hanya segmen fitur tanpa daerah sahaja yang dibenarkan untuk menduduki posisi koda suku kata dialek Kelantan, iaitu /, h, N. Dalam teori Optimaliti, kekangan fonotaktik seperti ini dinamakan SYARATKODA. Dalam dialek Kelantan kekangan SYARATKODA ini telah mendominasi kekangan yang lain. Susunan set kekangan yang terhasil ialah SYARATKODA >> DEP >> MAKS >> IDENT(Da).
This paper describes the constraint interactions that account for the basic syllable types in the Kelantan Malay dialect based on Optimality Theory (OT). Previous analysis of basic syllables in Malay ...focused only on the possible types of syllables. These analyses do not offer any explanation on the differences found in the possible syllable types found in various Malay dialects even though they all originated from the same parent language. Most of these analyses described the basic syllable template as (consonant)-vowel- (consonant) or (C)V(C), CV, CVC, VC and V. Nevertheless, this paper presents an alternative description using a set of constraint hierarchy in the Kelantan grammar, which is different from the set of constraint hierarchy for the standard Malay variety, in order to account for the basic syllable types in Kelantan Malay. The set of constraints hierarchy proposed for Kelantan Malay comprises *COMPLEXNUCLEI, *COMPLEXCODA, CONTIGROOT >> ALIGN-LEFT >> ONSET >> DEP >> MAX >> *CODA. These constraints are considered universal in the human mind; however, its hierarchy depends on the constraints interaction of the language or the local dialect. The present analysis shows that the explanation available from constraints interaction from OT has greater explanatory power in describing the grammar of a language. Keywords: phonology, Optimality Theory, Kelantan Malay, basic syllables, Malay language.
Program perbincangan interaktif di televisyen adalah dikategorikan sebagai genre berdasarkan beberapa kriteria yang telah dikenal pasti mengikut analisis genre linguistik. Penonjolan gejala ...penggunaan bahasa dalam genre perbincangan di saluran-saluran televisyen ini menjelaskannya sebagai suatu peristiwa bahasa. Peristiwa bahasa perbincangan di televisyen telah mewujudkan perhubungan dua hala dalam kalangan pemeran. Justeru, proses sosial yang ada memerlukan penelitian terhadap faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kesopanan dan strategi komunikasi yang digunakan oleh pemeran-pemeran. Strategi komunikasi yang dikaitkan dengan kesopanan ini perlulah ditandai dengan beberapa faktor antaranya, faktor peranan dan perbezaan taraf sosial. Penafian terhadap pengaruh faktor-faktor penggunaan kesopanan dan pelanggaran dalam strategi komunikasi hanya mencetuskan kecelaruan pemeran terhadap pemahaman tentang suatu budaya dan sosialnya. Kajian ini memberi tumpuan kepada genre perbincangan yang bersiaran di Radio dan Televisyen Malaysia (RTM) saluran perdana TV 1. Penelitian terhadap faktor penggunaan kesopanan dan strategi komunikasi yang terdapat dalam peristiwa bahasa ini dianalisis dan dijelaskan mengikut pendekatan Asmah Hj Omar. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk menghuraikan dan menjelaskan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penggunaan strategi komunikasi yang ditandai dengan kesopanan dalam genre perbincangan di televisyen. Tiga genre perbincangan daripada Forum Hal Ehwal Islam di RTM TV1 direkodkan sebagai teks kajian. Hasil kajian ini mendapati bahawa strategi komunikasi yang ditandai dengan kesopanan yang berterusan mewujudkan komunikasi berkesan dalam mencapai tujuan sebenar suatu perbincangan yang bersiaran di televisyen.
The aim of this article is to explain the derivation of vowel reduction and glottal formation rules in Kerinci Language. In this study, the data obtained shows that /up/ in word final position ...realized as ǝʔ as found in /tutup/ → nũ.tǝʔ 'tutup' (close), /hidup/ → i.dǝʔ 'hidup' (life) and /saŋgup/ → saŋ.gǝʔ 'sanggup' (able) and etc. Based on the data shown, vowel /u/ lose its +high feature, resulting in the realization of schwa ǝ through the implementation of the vowel reduction rule in the closed final syllable. Segment /p/ meanwhile lose its +labial feature, thus realized as glottal stop ʔ due to the glottal formation in the same position in the word. The informants were chosen from among those native speakers of Kerinci's Semerap dialect in Kampung Batu 23, Sungai Lui, Hulu Langat, Selangor. The data were obtained from literature reviews, observations and interviews. The data were analysed based on the theory of generative phonology introduced by Chomsky and Halle (1968), which was later extended by Roca and Johnson (1999), and Roca (2003). According to the theory of generative phonology, every sound changes occur in one derivation process explained and described step by step using the formalization rules, distinctive features and rule ordering. The results showed that the word ends with the /up/ sound in Kerinci language will be realized as ǝʔ. This is due to the compliance of the rules ordering that preceded by vowel reduction rules which realized /u/ as ǝ. The rules then followed by the glottal formation rules which realized voiceless bilabial plosive segments /p/ as glottal stop ʔ.
Makalah ini bertujuan menjelaskan proses penyukuan vokal tinggi /i/ dan /u/ pada posisi nukleus suku kata dalam bahasa Kerinci. Dalam bahasa tersebut, vokal /i/ dan /u/ yang menduduki posisi nukleus ...akan mengalami perubahan bunyi contohnya bunyi /i/, /u/, /is/ dan /us/ akan direalisasikan sebagai aj, aw, ajh dan awh. Bagi menjelaskan perubahan yang berlaku, analisis tentangnya akan dijelaskan dengan menggunakan Teori Fonologi Autosegmental (Goldsmith, 1976/1990). Terdapat tiga gagasan utama dalam teori tersebut, iaitu proses penghubung, nyah hubung dan penyebaran fitur. Perubahan yang berlaku terhadap vokal tinggi dapat dijelaskan berdasarkan proses penyukuan semula menurut model skeletal KV oleh McCarthy (1981). Data kajian terdiri daripada sumber sekunder dan primer yang diperoleh melalui tiga kaedah, iaitu kaedah kepustakaan, pemerhatian dan temu bual. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam proses pengumpulan data terdiri daripada alat perakam, borang soal selidik dan buku catatan. Dalam kajian ini, informan terdiri daripada lima lelaki dan lima wanita berusia 50 tahun dan ke atas yang merupakan penutur Kerinci dialek Semerap yang lahir di Kabupaten Kerinci, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia. Namun begitu, informan telah lama menetap di Kampung Batu 21 Sungai Lui, Hulu Langat, Selangor lebih daripada 30 tahun. Hasil kajian menunjukkan vokal tinggi /i/ dan /u/ yang berada di nukleus suku kata akhir akan dihubungkan dengan nodus koda dan direalisasikan sebagai bunyi geluncuran j dan w. Malah, analisis penyukuan vokal tinggi di koda juga telah dapat menjelaskan penyisipan vokal a dalam output kata mã.taj “mati”, sa.taw “satu”, tu.lajh “tulis” dan ku.rawh “kurus” berdasarkan model skeletal KV model McCarthy (1981)
The aim of this article is to explain the syllabification of high vowels /i/ and /u/ at the nucleus position in the Kerinci language. In this language, the high vowels /i/ and /u/ at the nucleus ...position will undergo changes - for example, /i/, /u/, /is/ and /us/ will be realized as aj, aw, ajh and awh. In order to explain the phonological processes, each problem was analyzed using the theory of autosegmental phonology (Goldsmith, 1976, 1990). There are three processes involved in the theory, namely linking, delinking and features spreading. The phonological modifications involving the high vowels can be adequately explained based on the process of syllabification that is couched in the CV skeletal model of McCarthy (1981). The data for this study were obtained through three different methods, namely library research, observation and interviews. The instruments used in this study were a recorder, questionnaires and notebooks. The informants selected for this study comprised five men and women who are aged 50 years and above, who are native speakers of Kerinci Semerap dialect, and were born in Kabupaten Kerinci, West Sumatera, Indonesia. However, they have been living in Kampung Batu 21 Sungai Lui, Hulu Langat, Selangor, for more than 30 years. The finding showed that the high vowels /i/ and /u/ at the nucleus of word final syllable are linked to the coda nodes and surfaces as the glides j and w. Thus, the analysis of the syllabification of high vowels at the coda position explains the application of vowel a in the output of words such as mã.taj “dead”, sa.taw “one”, tu.lajh “write” and lu.rawh “straight” based on the CV skeletal model of McCarthy (1981).
Pengglotisan Geseran /s/ dalam Bahasa Kerinci Abdul Aziz, Adi Yasran; Raja Ariffin, Raja Masittah; Yusop, Mohd Sharifudin ...
GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies,
09/2014, Letnik:
14, Številka:
3
Journal Article
PDF
