Abstract Morbidly adherent placenta, which describes placenta accreta, increta, and percreta, implies an abnormal implantation of the placenta into the uterine wall. The incidence of placenta accreta ...has increased significantly over the past several decades, with the main risk factors include prior cesarean section and placental previa. Sonographic markers of placenta accreta can be present as early as the first trimester and include a low uterine implantation of a gestational sac, multiple vascular lacunae within the placenta, loss of the normal hypoechoic retroplacental zone, and abnormality of the uterine serosa–bladder interface, among others. Ultrasound has high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of placenta accreta and MRI should be reserved for rare cases in which the ultrasound is non-diagnostic. The optimum time for planned delivery for a patient with placenta accreta is around 34–35 weeks following a course of corticosteroid injection. The successful management of placenta accreta includes a multidisciplinary care team approach with the successful management relying heavily on the prenatal diagnosis of this entity and preparing for the surgical management in a multidisciplinary approach by assuring the most skilled team is available for those patients.
Objective We sought to provide evidence-based guidelines for utilization of Doppler studies for fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Methods Relevant documents were identified using ...PubMed (US National Library of Medicine, 1983 through 2011) publications, written in English, which describe the peripartum outcomes of IUGR according to Doppler assessment of umbilical arterial, middle cerebral artery, and ductus venosus. Additionally, the Cochrane Library, organizational guidelines, and studies identified through review of the above were utilized to identify relevant articles. Consistent with US Preventive Task Force suggestions, references were evaluated for quality based on the highest level of evidence, and recommendations were graded. Results and Recommendations Summary of randomized and quasirandomized studies indicates that, among high-risk pregnancies with suspected IUGR, the use of umbilical arterial Doppler assessment significantly decreases the likelihood of labor induction, cesarean delivery, and perinatal deaths (1.2% vs 1.7%; relative risk, 0.71; 95% confidence interval, 0.52–0.98). Antepartum surveillance with Doppler of the umbilical artery should be started when the fetus is viable and IUGR is suspected. Although Doppler studies of the ductus venous, middle cerebral artery, and other vessels have some prognostic value for IUGR fetuses, currently there is a lack of randomized trials showing benefit. Thus, Doppler studies of vessels other than the umbilical artery, as part of assessment of fetal well-being in pregnancies complicated by IUGR, should be reserved for research protocols.
Over the last century, the incidence of placenta accreta, increta, and percreta, collectively referred to as morbidly adherent placenta, has risen dramatically. Planned cesarean hysterectomy at the ...time of cesarean delivery is the standard recommended treatment in the United States. Recently, interest in conservative management has resurged, especially in Europe. The aims of this review are the following: (1) to provide an overview of methods used for conservative management, (2) to discuss clinical implications for both clinicians and patients, and (3) to identify areas in need of further research.
Center of excellence for placenta accreta Silver, Robert M., MD; Fox, Karin A., MD; Barton, John R., MD ...
American journal of obstetrics and gynecology,
05/2015, Letnik:
212, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Placenta accreta spectrum is one of the most morbid conditions obstetricians will encounter. The incidence has dramatically increased in the last 20 years. The major contributing factor to this is ...believed to be the increase in the rate of cesarean delivery. Despite the increased incidence of placenta accreta, most obstetricians have personally managed only a small number of women with placenta accreta. The condition poses dramatic risk for massive hemorrhage and associated complication such as consumption coagulopathy, multisystem organ failure, and death. In addition, there is an increased risk for surgical complications such as injury to bladder, ureters, and bowel and the need for reoperation. Most women require blood transfusion, often in large quantities, and many require admission to an intensive care unit. As a result of indicated, often emergent preterm delivery, many babies require admission to a neonatal care intensive care unit. Outcomes are improved when delivery is accomplished in centers with multidisciplinary expertise and experience in the care of placenta accreta. Such expertise may include maternal-fetal medicine, gynecologic surgery, gynecologic oncology, vascular, trauma and urologic surgery, transfusion medicine, intensivists, neonatologists, interventional radiologists, anesthesiologists, specialized nursing staff, and ancillary personnel. This article highlights the desired features for a center of excellence in placenta accreta, and which patients should be referred for evaluation and/or delivery in such centers.
Twins: prevalence, problems, and preterm births Chauhan, Suneet P., MD; Scardo, James A., MD; Hayes, Edward, MD ...
American journal of obstetrics and gynecology,
10/2010, Letnik:
203, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The rate of twin pregnancies in the United States has stabilized at 32 per 1000 births in 2006. Aside from determining chorionicity, first-trimester screening and second-trimester ultrasound scanning ...should ascertain whether there are structural or chromosomal abnormalities. Compared with singleton births, genetic amniocentesis–related loss at <24 weeks of gestation for twin births is higher (0.9% vs 2.9%, respectively). Selective termination for an anomalous fetus is an option, although the pregnancy loss rate is 7% at experienced centers. For singleton and twin births for African American and white women, approximately 50% of preterm births are indicated; approximately one-third of these births are spontaneous, and 10% of the births occur after preterm premature rupture of membranes. From 1989-2000, the rate of preterm twin births increased, for African American and white women alike, although the perinatal mortality rate has actually decreased. As with singleton births, tocolytics should be used judiciously and only for a limited time (<48 hours) in twin births. Administration of antenatal corticosteroids is an evidence-based recommendation.
Given that practice variation exists in the frequency and performance of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in pregnancy, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and ...Human Development hosted a workshop to address indications for ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in pregnancy, to discuss when and how often these studies should be performed, to consider recommendations for optimizing yield and cost-effectiveness and to identify research opportunities. This article is the executive summary of the workshop.
Objective Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) is a recently developed risk-assessment technique with high sensitivity and specificity for fetal aneuploidy. The effect NIPT has had on traditional ...screening and diagnostic testing has not been clearly demonstrated. In this study, NIPT uptake and subsequent changes in the utilization of first-trimester screen (FTS), chorionic villus sampling (CVS), and amniocentesis in a single referral center is reported. Study Design Monthly numbers of NIPT (in high-risk patients), FTS, CVS, and amniocentesis were compared between a 35-month baseline period (April 2009 through February 2012) before introduction of NIPT, and the initial 16 months following NIPT introduction divided in 4-month quarters beginning in March 2012 through June 2013. Results A total of 1265 NIPT, 6637 FTS, 251 CVS, and 1134 amniocentesis were recorded over the 51-month study period in singleton pregnancies of women who desired prenatal screening and diagnostic testing. NIPT became the predominant FTS method by the second quarter following its introduction, increasing by 55.0% over the course of the study period. Total first-trimester risk assessments (NIPT+FTS) were not statistically different following NIPT ( P = .312), but average monthly FTS procedures significantly decreased following NIPT introduction, decreasing by 48.7% over the course of the study period. Average monthly CVS and amniocentesis procedures significantly decreased following NIPT introduction, representing a 77.2% and 52.5% decrease in testing, respectively. Screening and testing per 100 morphological ultrasounds followed a similar trend. Conclusion NIPT was quickly adopted by our high-risk patient population, and significantly decreased alternate prenatal screening and diagnostic testing in a short period of time.
Discordant twins: diagnosis, evaluation and management Miller, Jena, MD; Chauhan, Suneet P., MD; Abuhamad, Alfred Z., MD
American journal of obstetrics and gynecology,
2012, 2012-Jan, 2012-01-00, 20120101, Letnik:
206, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Approximately 16% of twin gestations have discordance of at least 20%. We identified 14 risk factors for divergent growth that can be categorized as maternal, fetal, or placental. Determination of ...chorionicity and serial ultrasound evaluation with a high index of suspicion for divergent growth is required for the diagnosis and stratification of risk. The highest reported likelihood ratio for detection of discordance was 5.9 during the first trimester examination and 6.0 for the second trimester. Although our ability to identify discordant twins is limited, once suspected and at viable gestational age, these pregnancies should have antepartum testing. Discordant growth alone is not an indication for preterm birth. Although there are multiple publications on the increased morbidity and mortality rates with discordant growth, there is a paucity of reports on how to manage them optimally and deliver them in a timely manner.
Background The association between small-for-gestational-age (birthweight <10th percentile for gestational age) and neonatal morbidity is well established. Yet, there is a paucity of data on the ...relationship between suspected small for gestational age (sonographic-estimated fetal weight <10th percentile) at 2 thresholds and subsequent neonatal morbidity. Objective The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between sonographic-estimated fetal weight <5th percentile vs 5–9th percentile and neonatal morbidity. Study Design This retrospective study involved 5 centers and included nonanomalous, singletons with sonographic-estimated fetal weight <10th percentile for gestational age who delivered from 2009–2012. Composite neonatal morbidity included respiratory distress syndrome, proven sepsis, intraventricular hemorrhage grade III or IV, necrotizing enterocolitis, thrombocytopenia, seizures, or death. Odd ratios were adjusted for center, maternal age, race, body mass index at first visit, smoking status, use of alcohol, use of drugs, and neonatal gender. Results Of 834 women with suspected small-for-gestational-age fetuses, 513 (62%) had sonographic-estimated fetal weight <5th percentile, and 321 (38%) had sonographic-estimated fetal weight of 5–9th percentile for gestational age. At delivery, 81% of women with a suspected small-for-gestational-age fetus had a confirmed small-for-gestational-age fetus. In the group with a sonographic-estimated fetal weight <5th percentile, 59% of neonates had birthweight <5th percentile; in the group with a sonographic-estimated fetal weight 5–9th percentile, 41% had birthweight <5th percentile, and 36% had birthweight at 5–9th percentile. Neonatal intensive care unit admission differed significantly for those fetuses at <5th percentile (29%) compared with those fetuses at 5–9th percentile (15%; P <.001). The composite neonatal morbidity among the sonographic-estimated fetal weight <5th percentile group was higher than the sonographic-estimated fetal weight of 5–9th percentile group (31% vs 13%; adjusted odds ratio, 2.41; 95% confidence interval, 1.53–3.80). Similar findings were noted when the analysis was limited to sonographic-estimated fetal weight within 28 days of delivery (adjusted odds ratio, 2.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.34–3.67). Conclusion Eight of 10 suspected small-for-gestational-age fetuses had birthweight <10th percentile for gestational age; the prediction of actual birthweight was more accurate in the <5th percentile group. Neonates with sonographic-estimated fetal weight of <5th percentile were more likely to be admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit and have complications than were those neonates with sonographic-estimated fetal weight of 5–9th percentile.
Abstract There is currently a lack of published data on ultrasound utilization in obstetrics in the United States. In order to get some meaningful information on this topic, we analyzed de-identified ...data obtained from large insurance providers and underwriters that covered large segment of the United States population in various geographic areas of the country. Our results show an overall significant increase in utilization of obstetric ultrasound over the years, with pregnancies receiving around 4–5 ultrasounds per pregnancy. Another important aspect of the data is a higher than expected utilization of the targeted 76811 ultrasound examination, with utilization rates between 30% and 50%, beyond the original intention of the targeted code. Despite the fact that the data was not intended to shed light on indication of ultrasound or competency of ultrasound providers, in a healthcare world of shrinking reimbursement, as leaders of quality, we should ensure that ultrasound examinations that pregnant women receive are indicated and are performed by competent healthcare workers in ultrasound laboratories that meet accreditation standards.
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