Neuropil‐like islands (NIs) are a histologic hallmark of glioneuronal tumors with neuropil‐like islands (GTNIs), but GTNIs are presently not considered a homogeneous entity. The essence of GTNI is ...likely its glial component, and NIs are now considered aberrant neuronal differentiation or metaplasia. The case we report herein is a 41‐year‐old woman who was synchronously affected by two brain tumors: one was a glioblastoma (glioblastoma multiforme, GBM), of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)‐wild type, with NIs in the left parietal lobe, and the other was histologically a composite gangliocytoma (GC)/anaplastic ganglioglioma (GG) with NIs in the right medial temporal lobe. While both tumors were genetically wild type for IDH, histone H3, and v‐raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF), the former tumor, but not the latter, was mutated for telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter gene (TERT). A recent systematic study using DNA methylation profiling and next‐generation sequencing showed that anaplastic GG separate into other WHO tumor types, including IDH‐wild‐type GBM. It suggested a diagnostic scheme where an anaplastic GG is likely an IDH‐wild‐type GBM if it is a BRAF wild type, IDH wild type, and TERT promoter mutant tumor. The likely scenario in this patient is that the GBM results from the progression of GC/anaplastic GG due to the superimposed TERT promoter mutation and the propagation of newly generated GBM cells in the contralateral hemisphere. A systematic analysis using DNA methylation profiling and next‐generation sequencing was not available in this study, but the common presence of NIs histologically noted in the two tumors could support this scenario. Although a sufficient volume of molecular and genetic testing is sine qua non for the accurate understanding of brain tumors, the importance of histologic observation cannot be overemphasized.
The cononsolvency mechanism of poly(
-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), dissolving in pure methanol (MeOH) and water (H
O) but being insoluble in MeOH-H
O mixtures, was investigated by O K-edge X-ray ...absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The cononsolvency emerges from the aggregation of PNIPAM with MeOH clusters, leading to the collapse of the hydrophobic hydration of PNIPAM.
This report describes the cytological features of granular cell astrocytoma (GCA), to aid in the diagnosis of intraoperative frozen samples of brain lesions, and discuss cytological similarities and ...differences between GCA, two significant non‐neoplastic central nervous system lesions (brain infarction and demyelinating disorder), and three central nervous system tumours (gemistocytic astrocytoma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, and subependymal giant cell astrocytoma).
A picosecond pump–probe resonant soft X‐ray scattering measurement system has been developed at the Photon Factory storage ring for highly efficient data collection. A high‐repetition‐rate high‐power ...compact laser system has been installed to improve efficiency via flexible data acquisition to a sub‐MHz frequency in time‐resolved experiments. Data are acquired by gating the signal of a channel electron multiplier with a pulse‐counting mode capable of discriminating single‐bunch soft X‐ray pulses in the dark gap of the hybrid operation mode in the storage ring. The photoinduced dynamics of magnetic order for multiferroic manganite SmMn2O5 are clearly demonstrated by the detection of transient changes in the resonant soft X‐ray scattering intensity around the Mn LIII‐ and O K‐edges.
A picosecond pump–probe resonant soft X‐ray scattering measurement system has been developed at the Photon Factory storage ring for highly efficient data collection. A high‐repetition‐rate high‐power compact laser system has been installed to improve efficiency via flexible data acquisition to a sub‐MHz frequency in time‐resolved experiments.
Lolitrems are tremorgenic indole diterpenes that exhibit a unique 5/6 bicyclic system of the indole moiety. Although genetic analysis has indicated that the prenyltransferase LtmE and the cytochrome ...P450 LtmJ are involved in the construction of this unique structure, the detailed mechanism remains to be elucidated. Herein, we report the reconstitution of the biosynthetic pathway for lolitrems employing a recently established genome‐editing technique for the expression host Aspergillus oryzae. Heterologous expression and bioconversion of the various intermediates revealed that LtmJ catalyzes multistep oxidation to furnish the lolitrem core. We also isolated the key reaction intermediate with an epoxyalcohol moiety. This observation allowed us to establish the mechanism of radical‐induced cyclization, which was firmly supported by density functional theory calculations and a model experiment with a synthetic analogue.
Lolitrem B is a tremorgenic indole diterpene produced by a fungal endophyte. During its biosynthesis, LtmJ, a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, catalyzes a 3‐step oxidation of a diprenylated intermediate to construct the 5/6 bicyclic system. Given the reaction intermediate with an epoxyalcohol, the mechanism of radical‐induced cyclization, supported by density functional theory calculations and a model experiment, is proposed.
Carbon (C) K-edge X-ray absorption spectra for firefly luciferin were measured and assigned using time-dependent density functional theoretical calculations for luciferin anion and dianion to ...elucidate the effect of hydroxy-group deprotonation. It was found that the C K-edge spectra for luciferin had four characteristic peaks. The effect of deprotonation of the hydroxy group appears in the energy difference of the first and second peaks of these spectra. This energy difference is 1.0 eV at pH 7 and 2.3 eV at pH 10. The deprotonation of the hydroxy group can be distinguished based on the soft X-ray absorption spectra.
Purpose
Measuring serum and cerebrospinal fluid human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is essential for the diagnosis of intracranial germ cell tumors. There are three types of hCG-related markers in ...clinical use: hCGβ, intact hCG, and total hCG. The best marker for the diagnosis of intracranial germ cell tumors, especially germinoma, is currently unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of these hCG-related markers.
Methods
We investigated 19 serum samples obtained from 6 patients with histologically diagnosed germinoma treated in our institute. Serum hCGβ, intact hCG, and total hCG values were measured before, during, and after treatment. Samples with hCG values above the lower limits were considered positive.
Results
The positivity rates of serum hCGβ, intact hCG, and total hCG were 6% (1/17), 47% (7/15), and 42% (8/19), respectively, with the latter two having significantly higher positivity rates than hCGβ (
p
= 0.041). Both intact and total hCGs showed similar values. The median values of hCGβ, intact hCG, and total hCG before treatment were 0.1 ng/mL, 4.6 mIU/mL, and 4.5 mIU/mL, respectively.
Conclusion
Serum intact and total hCGs have higher detection rates than hCGβ in patients with germinoma using available commercial measurement tools.
Atomic structure of an Ag-containing 4A zeolite with the Ag/Al atomic ratio of about 10% was investigated by a pair distribution function (pdf) analysis. Valence- and conduction-band O 2p partial ...electronic structures of this insulating material were respectively measured by soft X-ray emission and absorption spectroscopies using an O 1s-2p resonance technique. Moreover, a density functional theory (DFT) hybridized by 25% of Hartree–Fock exchange was applied to determine the atomic structures and electronic states. Although the box size of the DFT calculation was small due to the limited computational power, the present DFT results excellently reproduce the pdf data as well as O 2p partial electron density of states (DOS). The electronic charge distributions in this zeolite with an antibacterial function obtained by the present DFT calculation revealed half-filled charges on the Ag atoms, which may act as a formation of deactivating the bacteria.
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•Atomic structures of Ag containing zeolite were studied by a pair distribution function analysis.•Electronic structures were obtained by soft X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopies.•DFT calculations were carried out for obtaining basic knowledges beyond the experimental data.•Antibacterial function is related to a smattering charge on the Ag atoms for a free radical effect.
MYC-associated factor X (MAX) is a protein in the basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper family, which is ubiquitously and constitutively expressed in various normal tissues and tumors. MAX protein ...mediates various cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis through the MYC-MAX protein complex. Recently, it has been reported that MYC regulates the proliferation of anaplastic large cell lymphoma. However, the expression and function of MAX in anaplastic large cell lymphoma remain to be elucidated. We herein investigated MAX expression in anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS) and found 11 of 37 patients (30%) with ALCL lacked MAX expression, whereas 15 of 15 patients (100%) with PTCL-NOS expressed MAX protein. ALCL patients lacking MAX expression had a significantly inferior prognosis compared with patients having MAX expression. Moreover, patients without MAX expression significantly had histological non-common variants, which were mainly detected in aggressive ALCL cases. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that MAX expression was related to the expression of MYC and cytotoxic molecules. These findings demonstrate that lack of MAX expression is a potential poor prognostic biomarker in ALCL and a candidate marker for differential diagnosis of ALCL and PTCL-NOS.
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