In recent decades, the unbalanced development of Iranian cities and the advent of many problems in various social, cultural, economic, physical and environmental dimensions have resulted inevitably ...in the need to use urban development plans to advance the spatio-physical condition of cities. In this regard, about five decades have passed since the start of the preparation of urban development plans in Iran; but despite gaining a lot of experience by producers and executors of urban affairs, in practice, urban projects have not been able to take a positive step in the direction of programmed development. Therefore, by detecting the causes of unachievability and failure of these plans, it is possible to prepare realistic and executive plans. Hence, this study seeks to investigate the shortcomings of the master plan approved in 2016 in Tabriz and identify the factors affecting its unrealizability by using the qualitative methods (Delphi and case study methods). Among the most significant reasons for the impracticability of this plan, the following should be mentioned: (1) the inadequacy of the design model (positivism, belief system, obligation, inductive reasoning, centrism and being government-centered); (2) inadequacy in the content of the plan (being governmental and non-participatory, inadequate subjectology and collection of irrelevant data, lack of segregation of interventions in different contexts, lack of an organized monitoring system, mere physical emphases, lack of definition of executive financial possibilities, perfectionism, lack of attention to relativism and inflexibility and lack of connection between the elements and components of the plan); and (3) inadequacy of the plan proposals and strategies (emphasis on quantity, incomplete inference, inefficiency and not including all levels and strata).
Introduction: without knowledge and understanding of demographic changes and structures, one cannot make decisions and choose appropriate policies, strategies and solutions in the field of spatial ...justice and urban planning. The purpose of this research is to investigate the distribution of service uses in Tabriz metropolis with regard to population distribution and structure.Data and Method: First, using the nearest neighbor method, the situation of the type of distribution of services and facilities has been examined, and then 12 layers of information about the uses of Tabriz city have been examined using the fuzzy gamma method, and finally, the results of the fuzzy gamma have been compared with the population distribution of Tabriz city.Results: The results showed that among the 10 regions of Tabriz, region 10 is the least privileged and region 1 is the most privileged. In the end, population distribution has been compared with the amount of wealth, and it was found that the population of 0 to 14 years has the highest percentage of wealth (35.44 percent), and on the other hand, the population over 65 years has the lowest wealth with 21.10 percent.Conclusion: The elderly population over 65 years of age in Tabriz live in areas that have fewer facilities and urban services available to them than other population groups; Therefore, it can be concluded that the elderly population is more marginalized in order to access urban services and facilities, and it is the younger population that has better access to services and facilities.
Introduction: A neighborhood is a social-spatial concept. neighborhood management methods include the three dimensions of physical quality, social arrangement, and governance manners. Concerning the ...third dimension, recent decades have witnessed a shift from centralized towards decentralization processes and network society.Data and Method: The present study had a fundamental goal and used an explorative-explanatory approach. This study used a systematic and structured view to review the theoretical literature on neighborhood management and related concepts. Using, the MICMAC software, the study analyzed the extent to which factors affected and were affected by each other. In the end, driving factors were extracted. For this, 61 factors in five categories of network structure, network society policies, urban governance, governance capacity, and social capital were identified, and provided to 15 experts in the form of a 61*61 matrix, using questionnaires, and via a purposive sampling method.Results: Results indicated that 19 driving factors contributed to investigating the neighborhood management of the urban governance of the city of Tabriz, out of which the factor “revision of the laws and urban development plans” was more important, while the factors “active adaptation to the environment”, “the non-exclusive right of special groups”, “the content of laws enacted”, “the enjoyment of the open urban culture”, “focus on the “solidarity between people to produce knowledge” took the next ranks.Conclusion: The results were found to be used as a framework to investigate the neighborhood management position in urban governance. In this connection, urban development plans and rules, and their revision contributed to this.
AbstractCities as a living environment play a significant role in creating satisfaction, they indeed shape human's lifestyle and determine their life quality. Regarding the quality of man-made ...environments not only encourages them to cooperate, but also induces a sense of satisfaction among individuals. Urban growth and rapid urban expansion have caused various crises in terms of urban life including environmental challenges and declining the quality of urban environs. Following increased urbanization in our country and rapid changing space for several reasons in terms of urban texture, the quality of urban environs has seriously declined. When it comes to environmental quality, the emphasis is still over construction and physical shape. The paper tends to measure and zone the physical environment quality of the middle texture of Tabriz city based on recent statistics and data. The research method is based on the objectives applying descriptive- analytical in terms of its methodology. During first steps of sample collection, we initially measure the quality of urban environment through field studies preparing and filling out some questionnaires. And in the second step, we apply softwares including: EXCEL, CHOICE, EXPERT to measure the data and finally apply ARC GIS to display the research findings. However the yields of central tissue zoning of Tabriz reflect that 5.77% of regional area is in an unfavorable condition, 19.38% favorable condition and 74.83% is in moderate utility status.
AbstractAmong the main challenges in big cities, especially megacities, is the excessive increase in population regardless of the capacity of services and facilities to meet the basic needs of ...citizens. Identifying the factors affecting biological sustainability, measuring population capacity, and providing management strategies to improve the city were among the goals of this research. The information needed for the research was prepared via document-library and field methods. The fuzzy method was used to descale the indicators of population, water, electricity, and green space. Then, the mentioned indicators were used in the ArcGIS software environment with the methods of Gates Ardeji statistics, Moran's spatial autocorrelation analysis, Morris technique zoning, together with the model. After analyzing the pressure number, the results showed that the Moran values of population, water, electricity, and green space were 0.17, 0.15, 0.15, and 0.03, respectively. Therefore, the first three indicators followed a strong cluster pattern, while the green space index was scattered and distributed in the surface of the city. The maximum capacity of the population, carrying capacity of water, electricity, and green space indicators were equal to 105639, 129121, and 528540 people, respectively. Based on the analysis of population tolerance threshold, water consumption, and electricity distribution, the new city of Sahand was in the critical pressure range, while the green space index was at the optimal threshold so that in the last several years, the city had had a very good green space per capita. Its bearing capacity was more than 80%. IntroductionWith the growth of urbanization and urbanism, the problems of the urban environment have reached a critical level, while one of the most important issues in the today’s world is the problem of preserving the environment. To achieve sustainable urban development, it is necessary to establish appropriate laws and regulations and correctly implement them, as well as changing consumption patterns and environmental attitudes. The purpose of creating new cities can be attraction of the population overflow of cities, reduction of the economic activities of the mother city, regional development, and the use of natural resources, as well as optimal distribution of the population. In fact, these cities are created to help solve the economic, social, and environmental problems of big cities. Therefore, creation of new cities is a response to "megalopolis" or excessive concentration of population and economic activities in big cities. The new city of Sahand (Tabriz) is an example of these new cities, which has been created to attract the overflowing population of Tabriz metropolis with a high population density compared to other areas. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the urban range capacity system in the new city of Sahand by relying on the indicators of population, water, electricity, and green space and trying to estimate the population capacity of the city from an environmental point of view and the amount of pressure on it besides determining which indicator can be applied in its planning. Materials & MethodsThe information required for the research was collected by directly referring to the city institutions, such as New Sahand City Municipality, New Sahand City Development Company, New City Water and Sewerage Department, East Azerbaijan Power Distribution Company, etc., as well as studying documents and electronic library resources, and conducting field studies. The statistical population of the present study included the citizens of the new city of Sahand. Due to the fact that the statistical blocks were not ready to be obtained in 2022 from the data of the previous years (2012-2017), the population of the city in 2022 was fulfilled. The urban range capacity indicators studied in this research were population (population in 2017 and 2022), water (production and annual water consumption of the new city of Sahand in 2022 in cubic meters), electricity (total number of subscribers in domestic, public, agricultural, and industrial sectors and other users, road lighting (based on people and energy consumption in 2022), and green space (areas of parks and green spaces based on each phase and number of the existing parks). These 4 indicators (population, water, electricity, and green space) were first descaled by the fuzzy method and then, the hot-cold spot method and Moran's spatial autocorrelation were used to analyze the spatial distribution of the urban range capacity system in the Arc GIS 10.8.1 software environment. The indicators used were measured and a consolidated index was obtained by using the Morris zoning technique. Finally, it was determined which phases of the new city of Sahand had services and facilities and which ones lacked them. Research findingsAccording to the general and housing population census of 2015, the new city of Sahand had a population of 82494, while the city of Tabriz as the mother city had a population of 1,558,693. The increase in the price of housing in the city of Tabriz and appropriateness of its price in the new city of Sahand, compared to the metropolitan city of Tabriz, especially for the low and middle-income classes, as well as the policy of building Mehr housing in the new city of Sahand had greatly increased the population of the studied city so that the population growth rate of the studied city had reached from 12.66% during the years of 2007-2012 to more than 27.27% during the years 2012-2017. This rate had also increased greatly during the last 5 years according to the estimates. The population of the new city of Sahand in 2022 had reached more than 275000 people. It should be noted that out of the total of 5 phases designed for this city, Phase 5 had not yet been used and was empty. Thus, the mentioned phase was defined as zero in the calculations and only Phases 1, 2, 3, and 4 of the new city of Sahand were analyzed in the analysis of hot and cold spots. Discussion of Results & ConclusionToday, the dominant view in the field of sustainability of cities is that they should be able to provide a good quality of living for their citizens and be receptive to the population as much as possible. Excessive density of population in urban environments is one of the most important factors in creating environmental problems in cities. In this research, according to the standards defined based on the indicators of population, water, electricity, and green space, evaluation of the urban range capacity system in the new city of Sahand was done by using the method of hot-cold spots and spatial autocorrelation analysis. Moran’s spatial autocorrelation analysis was used to determine the spatial distributions of the mentioned indicators for the existing 4 phases of the new city of Sahand. The results showed that the Moran’s values for the indices of population, water, electricity, and green space were 0.17, 0.15, 0.15, and 0.03, respectively. Therefore, the first three indicators followed a cluster pattern, while the green space index was distributed in a scattered pattern throughout the city. Accordingly, the threshold population capacity, water consumption, and electricity distribution of the new city of Sahand were in the critical pressure range, while the green space index was on a favorable threshold; hence, the city had had a very good green space per capita in recent years and its tolerance capacity was more than 80%. Keywords: Urban Carrying Capacity System, Gates Ardaji Statistics, Moran Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis, New City of Sahand ReferencesAbbas Zadeh Tehrani, N. (2009). Integrating Carrying capacity's concepts into the urban planning and management process, case study: Spatial indicators of waste generation in Tehran metropolis. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 6(2), 87-104 (in Persian).Ahmadi Dehka, F., Sajjadi, Zh., & Vahedi Yeganeh, F. (2017). Measuring the feasibility of urban environmental culture on the way to sustainable urban development, case study: Sanandaj city. Journal of Sustainable City, 1(1), 1-13 (in Persian).Arghan, A., & Sha'bani, M. (2016). From the growth of the city to the sustainable urban development and the environmental dimension of the metropolis of Tehran. The Conference on Islamic and Historical Architectural and Urban Planning Research in Iran (in Persian).Asghari, A. (2013). Spatial statistics analysis with ArcGIS. Tehran: Publications of the Municipal Information and Communication Technology Organization (in Persian).Asgharpour, M. J. (2012). Multi-criteria decision making. Eleventh Edition. Tehran: Tehran University Press (in Persian).Behrad, F., Hadipour, M., Naderi, M., & Kazemi, A. (2018). Ecotourism carrying capacity evaluation with emphasis on sustainable development in Bisheh Waterfall as a geotourism area. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 21(10), 81-91 (in Persian).Brown, K., Turner, R. K., Hameed, H., & Bateman, I. A. N. (1997). Environmental carrying capacity and tourism development in the Maldives and Nepal. Journal of Environmental Conservation, 24(4), 316-325. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892997000428.Changliang, L., & Lina, L. (2012). Theoretical research of the urban comprehensive carrying capacity in the epoch of urbanization. International Journal of Financial Research, 3(1), 105-113. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v3n1p105.Chennamaneni, R., & Rao, S. (2007). Assessment of urban carrying capacity: A case study of environmental and institutional implications for water resource management in Hyderabad. Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics, 893. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.36945.Clarke, A. L. (2002). Assessing the carrying capacity of the Florida Keys. Journal of Population and Environment, 23(4), 405-418. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014576803251.El Ghorab, H. K., & Shalaby, H. A. (2016). Eco and green cities as new approaches for planning and deve
IntroductionVarious physical, semantic and functional factors in the role of the city as a bed to meet the needs and a container for the activities and behaviors of residents are effective, among ...which the structure and visual values of the environment play an important role in improving the quality of urban space (Hosseini and Et al., 1390: 84). Among these, one of the urban elements that can play an important role in promoting the quality and visual values of the environment and the appearance of the city is the sky line. The skyline is one of the most influential factors in arranging urban spaces and planning appropriate urban environments, etc. A factor that is rarely seen in metropolitan areas today. It seems that in order to have a diverse and at the same time harmonious urban skyline, in the first place, it is necessary to reconnect the fields of philosophy, art and daily life, which are free from the abstract and abstract view of experts. The development of interdisciplinary professions such as GIS, architecture and urban design is one of the measures in this direction that can have a different and more accurate view of the urban skyline. Therefore, the need for advanced geographical models for spatial three-dimensionalization and decision-making and forecasting goals in urban planning and design, especially in the case of vertical evaluation and development, is very clear and necessary. The advantages of using three-dimensional GIS models can be high potential in urban evaluation and analysis in various dimensions of urban aesthetics and high technology in the field of spatial analysis, the ability to test urban proposals and the power of semantic and topological storage. Mentioned above. Therefore, the use of these softwares to analyze urban issues is very important and increases the accuracy of urban planners and managers. For this purpose, the present study seeks to investigate the status of the urban skyline in the study areas and based on this, the importance of the perceptual and managerial dimension of the issue is analyzed using new methods and techniques.Data and Method The analytical approach of the research is physical and the method used in this research is three-dimensional vision analysis. Also, Arc GIS software has been used for easy preparation of the environment in 3D to perform the required analyzes. The data set used includes: digital model data of elevation, surface and floor layers of urban blocks.Results and Discussion In the present study, the concept of skyline was analyzed using three-dimensional GIS analysis in areas of urban areas 1 and 5 located in the east and northeast of Tabriz. Areas of interest include Valiasr town and Rushdieh town. So far, many different methods have been proposed to display and analyze the skyline. Some of these methods were reviewed in the research background and their strengths and weaknesses were identified. But the purpose of this article was to investigate the capabilities of 3D analysis and modeling through the development of 3D GIS in skyline display and analysis. Evaluating the results obtained in this research and comparing it with the results of studies in this field shows that three-dimensional analysis of GIS and 3D GIS development in comparison with other methods, provided there is accurate and comprehensive information, has high efficiency and capability. The research hypothesis is confirmed.ConclusionThe skyline is important both in terms of urban architecture and in terms of urban planners and designers; Although these specialties are different in terms of information extraction methods, methods and analytical contexts, but they are quite similar in terms of results. In general, it can be said that the skyline is one of the analyzes that are analyzed and evaluated in different software environments such as Arc GIS and in different fields.But the results of this study proved in another way that the three-dimensional GIS environment provides an opportunity to easily view and analyze the level of impact, effectiveness, volume, dimensions and angles of the skyline; This software also has high analytical power. While the analysis of the sky line in a two-dimensional environment gives a graphical and dimensionless result, percentage and frequency. But the most important difference and the ability to use 3D GIS analysis is that it provides a platform where even people with little knowledge of urban views can easily see the results and make decisions based on it. Also, the capabilities and capabilities of GIS in the field of various valuations and combined analyzes of vector and raster functions, as well as the presentation of three-dimensional analysis, have led its applications to urban design.
Cities as a living environment play a significant role in creating satisfaction, they indeed shape human's lifestyle and determine their life quality. Regarding the quality of man-made environments ...not only encourages them to cooperate, but also induces a sense of satisfaction among individuals. Urban growth and rapid urban expansion have caused various crises in terms of urban life including environmental challenges and declining the quality of urban environs. Following increased urbanization in our country and rapid changing space for several reasons in terms of urban texture, the quality of urban environs has seriously declined. When it comes to environmental quality, the emphasis is still over construction and physical shape. The paper tends to measure and zone the physical environment quality of the middle texture of Tabriz city based on recent statistics and data. The research method is based on the objectives applying descriptive- analytical in terms of its methodology. During first steps of sample collection, we initially measure the quality of urban environment through field studies preparing and filling out some questionnaires. And in the second step, we apply softwares including: EXCEL, CHOICE, EXPERT to measure the data and finally apply ARC GIS to display the research findings. However the yields of central tissue zoning of Tabriz reflect that 5.77% of regional area is in an unfavorable condition, 19.38% favorable condition and 74.83% is in moderate utility status.
IntroductionPlanning as a regulatory process between public and private goals, as a result of the actions of individuals and groups deviates from its regulatory path and acts in a specific direction. ...This competition, influenced by power, has its own manifestation in the urban environment.The urban revolution and the consideration of the city as a spatial object, according to Lefebvre, put this socio-economic entity on a path that was increasingly attacked by capitalism, and the reproduction of artificial spaces for the accumulation of capital intensified.This reproduction is done in a set of rules and regulations and management policies that should, in fact, allocate space for public use, While the objective function of this city management organization has collapsed in favor of capital. This point has its own conditions in cities with rentier system. This is because in rentier systems, decentralization policies and, consequently, the strengthening of local institutions and urban management, in the absence of democratic conditions, have created a suitable environment for creating various types of rents and sometimes corruption.When urban space is considered as a commodity for possession, in this process urban management has its own impact. Sometimes as a law enforcement officer and sometimes as a competitor with private capital over urban space. All of this can be described as rent-seeking, in which individuals and groups try to divert resources to their advantage. All of these influences and everything that happens in the urban space are based on factors and contexts that seem to be rooted in the rentier political economy that governs the city system. Therefore, the present study tries to identify and explain the effective factors and contexts.Materials and methodsThe present study can be considered as applied in terms of purpose, although it has also been developed and theoretically explained. Also, the approach is descriptive-analytical, which based on the data obtained from documentary studies, as well as conducting interviews and using a questionnaire, has analyzed the context of rent in Tabriz Municipality.For conducting interviews, open-ended questions have been designed and presented to a number of managers and experts in the field of urban management in the metropolis of Tabriz.The results, after theoretical saturation and combination with the results of documentary studies, are extracted in the form of propositions and form the basis of a questionnaire that is left to the judgment of elites and experts to determine the importance and degree of effectiveness of each criterion in the occurrence of rent and rent-seeking phenomenon. For this purpose, the Mick Mac questionnaire was used. This method is based on the analysis of interaction / structural effects.Results and discussionThe requirement for analyzing variables using Mick Mac software is to determine their interactions in the form of an effect matrix that acts as software input. To do this, a 39 * 39 matrix was set and the relationships between the variables in terms of effectiveness were determined based on the opinions of selected experts in a purposeful sampling way. The number of repetitions considered in the software is twice and the degree of filling is 68.63%. This indicates that they have affected each other in more than 68% of cases. Out of 1269 relationships that can be evaluated in the matrix, 580 cases were unrelated (number zero), 379 cases were weak relationship (number one), 585 cases were moderate relationship (number two) and 305 cases were strong relationship (number three). The pattern of distribution of research variables indicates that the system is unstable.The distribution model shows that macroeconomic factors of political economy generally have high impact and low impressible, and in contrast, the factors that are most impressible are the result of decisions and macro-political and economic environment.Such a situation indicates the power of external and extra-organizational factors to determine the status of the system. impressible factors or results are also factors that are affected by the macro-political environment and political economy and operate mostly at the organizational and local level, in other words, they are the output of the performance of macro-decisions and events.In the structural / interaction analysis matrix, the sum of the row numbers for each variable indicates the effect of the variable and the sum of the columns of each variable indicates its Impressive. According to the matrix results, the variables related to the "political economy factor" have the most impact on the system (the occurrence of the rent phenomenon) and the variables related to the "psychological factor" have the least impact.Also in terms of impressiveness, the variables related to "organizational factor" have the most impressiveness and the variables related to "legal factor" have the least. Based on the results of direct and indirect effects, the variable of power centers has the highest score. Also, all the identified key variables from rank one to 16 are repeated in direct and indirect impact, and the differences are only in their rank.ConclusionThe present study seeks to identify and explain the factors affecting the formation of the phenomenon of rent and rent-seeking in the urban management organization. For this purpose, while conducting interviews with experts and managers related to urban management, first, 39 variables under 7 factors of political, political, economic, legal, organizational, socio-cultural and psychological economics were extracted.In the next step, using a questionnaire, the effectiveness of these variables was determined using the interaction / structural impact analysis method. In the next step, Mick Mac software was used to identify how the variables affect each other and identify key factors. The results of the software output can be summarized as follows;- Based on the pattern of distribution of variables, the system has an unstable state and the types of variables - influential, impressive, independent, regulatory and two-dimensional - can be identified in it.- The most effective is related to the variables of "political economy" and the least effective is related to the variables of "psychological".- In terms of impressiveness, the most impressiveness is related to "organizational" factor variables and the lowest impressiveness is related to "legal" factor variables. The key variables resulting from direct and indirect effects are identified as 16 variables, all of which are fixed and the differences are only related to their rank. These variables include;Centers of power, oil economy, lack of transparency, Clientelism policy, centralism, establishment of rentier state, weakness of popular institutions, government tenure, political influence, electoral assistance, desirability of rent-seeking among social groups, golden signatures, lobbying, the prevailing spirit of rent-seeking, the rule of the technocratic tradition among managers and the legal cases underlying rent.- Variables related to political economy are generally variables that have macro dimensions and in most cases are beyond the control of the local level of urban management. Local level variables are generally related to organizational factors that are generally the result of the performance of macro factors such as political economy. On the other hand, the variables related to political economy can be described as contextual variables that use their micro-organizational variables as tools to make their impact operational.
Introduction As a visible manifestation of urban poverty and spatial inequality, all human populations live in multidimensional poverty conditions in informal settlements. According to conducted ...studies, women and children are particularly vulnerable to the risks and harms of informal settlements. Therefore, the United Nations has declared women's empowerment on a large scale as one of the critical objectives of the Third Millennium development. In this study, women’s empowerment in informal settlements has been investigated from stereotyping perspective (gender stereotypes). According to the micro-level research conducted, the main challenge is culturally restrictive settings for the women's group. In these settlements, women are exposed to poverty and gender discrimination more than men. This often stems from the imposition of gender stereotypes. Gender Stereotyping is an obstacle for women to have a social activity that prevents mobility and presence of women in society and imposes gender roles (housekeeping, childbearing, etc.), and ignores or reduces the women. Accordingly, this study aims to analyze the relationship between gender stereotypes and women's empowerment in informal settlements in Ilam as well as to assess the relationship between women's empowerment and contextual variables to answer the question; what is the relationship between gender stereotypes as well as the contextual characteristics of women and their empowerment? The research hypothesis is: there is a significant relationship between gender stereotypes and contextual variables with women's empowerment. Data and Methods The present research is of a fundamental-applied nature and has used survey as a method. To collect the data, a researcher-made questionnaire was utilized .The research population is women, 18 years of age and older, residing in informal settlements in Ilam seleced through random sampling. Based on the Cochran's formula 377 women were selected. The validity of the questionnaire was determined through content validity and its reliability was determined through Cronbach's alpha (0.89). Data were analyzed using SPSS and running Analysis of Variance (F), Pearson correlation test, T-test, and regression analysis. AMOS was used also for the structural equation modeling (SEM). In this study, women's decision-making in both individual and family domains through a Likert scale with 16 items to measure their empowerment; the gender stereotype variable was measured with 17 items. In this study, in addition to the relationship between gender stereotypes and women's empowerment, the relationship between contextual variables such as age, marital status, education, immigration, and employment with empowerment is studied. Discussion and Conclusion In this study, the role and position of women's empowerment in informal settlements in terms of cultural factors and the relationship between gender stereotypes and women's empowerment have been examined. Also, the research hypothesis was confirmed following data analysis. According to Pearson test results (R-value = -0.174 and significance level = 0.001), there is a significant and indirect relationship between belief in gender stereotypes and women's empowerment at confidence level. The more women believe in gender stereotypes, the less their empowerment is, and vice versa. Research findings also show that contextual variables such as education level, employment, marital status, age, and migration positively affect women's empowerment. In this study, six independent variables were introduced in the regression table, whose multiple correlation coefficient (R) with women's empowerment was equal to 0.474, and the coefficient of determination (R2) was equal to 0.225. Based on this coefficient, about 0.23, i.e., 23% of the dispersion for the women's empowerment variable is explained by independent variables in the experimental research model, and the rest of the dispersion is explained by variables not introduced in this study. Among the independent variables, the education level of = 0.350 has the greatest effect on the women's empowerment. Then, employment status of =- 0.306, immigration of = -0.217, marital status of = -0.160, Gender stereotypes of =-0.157 and finally age of = -0.002 have been effective in explaining the dependent variable. In this study, structural equation modeling (SEM), as one of the new methods for examining the causal relationships between variables, was used through AMOS software, where the structural equation analysis of the proposed model was performed. According to the goodness of fit index, the research model is relatively good. Results As the half population of the society and their roles in the development, women’s empowerment in informal settlements can be a pragmatic and realistic approach in dealing with these challenges and reminding women’s role in the society. Gender stereotyping imposes gender roles (housekeeping, childbearing, etc.) and ignores or reduces the women’s role. It also keeps women in inferiority and deprives them of decision-making within and outside the family. According to this study, rising education-centered gender stereotypes can free women from a passive person who needs others’ attention and turns them into an energetic and capable body in society and makes the basis for their local social capacity and the culture of local participation. Considering international references and firm views and theories, women play a central role at home and outside the home. To create women’s real, active and effective role-playing, it is needed to look at their potentials and abilities and overcome pure gender stereotypes.
Introduction As cities grow and the urban population increase in recent decades, urban land has also become an economically valued and, of course, scarce commodity. This developing trend has further ...strengthened the land use theory in the public interest and has emphasized the role of land use planning. Though, the growth of the capitalist relation in cities has turned the land economy and the resulting surplus value to the means of gaining economic benefit, which is created by supply constraints and increasing demand; in such a way that this surplus value inspires citizens to change their land-use even illegally and replace it with profitable uses proportionate with this value. This change eliminates the user-functional inconsistencies in the detailed plans and it causes unrest in cities. If the increase in land value in parts of this area and the resulting rent intensify the incentives to trade in the land market, district 1 of Tabriz, as an economically active district and one of the commercial centers of the city, will probably not be an exception to this rule. Data and methods The current article is applied research based on the purpose of research, in terms of nature and data collection it is descriptive-analytical. The land price in the neighborhoods of district one of Tabriz is the independent variable and land-use change based on a detailed plan is the dependent variable. Land-use changes in the area are harvested in the field and land prices by neighborhoods are also obtained through real estate agencies. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the two variables and the hotspot analysis function was used to determine the distribution of changes in the range. The kernel function is also used to examine the relationship between the changes and the access network. Results and Discussion Land prices for the two periods of 2006-2011 and 2011-2015 and land-use changes in the District through field harvesting and in the neighborhoods of the district were collected and to determine the relationship between price and the amount of change, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used in SPSS software. Its result for the first period is 0.840 and the second period is 0.853. Likewise, the hotspot analysis model has been used to analyze the distribution and focus of changes in the GIS environment. The results indicate a positive and high correlation between price variables and the amount of change in the neighborhoods of the District so that the highest concentration of change is seen in neighborhoods with more land prices. About 96% of the total change occurred within a hundred meters of the road network, of which 52.6% was within 25 meters of the main roads. Abbasi Street along the east and west, Abersan crossroads to Pasdaran Highway, and most parts of Valiasr are areas prone to change. In this case, the role of economic centrality and the existence of uses with regional and supra-regional functions can be considered as the causes of this phenomenon. One of the economic components that can affect the land use planning process in cities; is the price of land. In some parts of the city, the existence of some benefits increases the price of land and creates additional value for them, and thus affects the decision of property owners in the type of use. Regarding the hypotheses and analyzes, the results reveal that land price is not only a factor but also a qualitative factor and a high-impact economic component that results from various physical and environmental factors to government policies. It is the reason for land-use change and material benefit can be a robust stimulus for any change, whether positive or negative, towards society. The economic value of land in the study area has had a high impact on the formation of land-use change in this area and changes have occurred mostly in areas where land prices are high. Hotspot analysis on changes indicates a major accumulation of changes in areas where the land value is high and there is a direct relationship between land-use change and access network.
