In this study paper, saddlepoint approximation is considered one of the very accurate methods to derive the exact PMF/PDF and CDF for some complicated distributions. Double saddlepoint approximations ...provide a quick and accurate approximation to exact conditional tail probability in a variety of situations. However, in this study paper, the conditional saddlepoint approximation has been discussed for some distribution as Poisson and hypergeometric distribution.
This article presents a brief on using a saddlepoint approximations technique to solve some branching process problems; this method of approximation provides a good understanding of branching process ...behaviors such as probability density, mass function, and cumulative distribution function based on a moment generating function for complicated models such as nuclear chain reaction, survival of family name problems, and extinction probability problem.
In this study, we improve a saddlepoint approximation technique for calculating the hazard rate function for some complicated models such as the stopped sum of random variables. Saddlepoint ...approximations for the computation of survival and hazard functions are presented in parametric survival analysis. Although these approximation methods are very accurate, save time and effort, their use in hazard rate calculations has been ignored. In this study, we estimate the hazard rate function based on the Lugannani and Rice saddlepoint approximation to derive the saddlepoint density and the mass function for these complicated models. Numerical applications are provided to confirm the performance of this technique.
Epidemiological features characterization of COVID-19 is highly important for developing and implementing effective control measures. In Saudi Arabia mortality rate varies between 0.6% to 1.26%. The ...purpose of the study was to investigate whether demographic characteristics (age and gender) and non-communicable diseases (Hypertension and Diabetes mellitus) have a significant association with mortality in COVID-19 patients.
Prior to data collection, an expedite approval was obtained from Institutional Review Board (IRB Log No: RC. RC20.09.10) in Al Habib Research Center at Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Medical Group, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. This is a retrospective design where we used descriptive and inferential analysis to analyse the data. Binary logistic regression was done to study the association between comorbidities and mortality of COVID-19.
43 (86%) of the male patients were non-survivors while 7 (14%) of the female patients were survivors. The odds of non-survivors among hypertensive patients are 3.56 times higher than those who are not having a history of Hypertension (HTN). The odds of non-survivors among diabetic patients are 5.17 times higher than those who are not having a history of Diabetes mellitus (DM). The odds of non-survivors are 2.77 times higher among those who have a history of HTN and DM as compared to those who did not have a history of HTN and DM.
Those patients that had a history of Hypertension and Diabetes had a higher probability of non-survival in contrast to those who did not have a history of Diabetes and hypertension. Further studies are required to study the association of comorbidities with COVID-19 and mortality.
In the present study paper, a failure (hazard) rate function approximates the probability distribution for the linear combination of a random variable considered a highly complex model. The ...saddlepoint approximation approach is used to approximate the probability mass function and the cumulative distribution function to derive the approximation of the failure (hazard) rate with a high level of accuracy. The superior performance of this method is shown by numerical simulations and comparison with the performance of other approximation methods.
The outbreak of the novel Corona Virus Infectious Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly to many countries leading to thousands of deaths globally. The burden of this pandemic has affected the ...physical and mental health of the frontline health care workers (HCWs) who are exposed to high risk of infection and psychological stressors.
The aim is to measure the level of depression among healthcare workers in Saudi Arabia during COVID-19 pandemic to establish interventional strategies.
A descriptive cross-sectional study was used to conduct the current study. The data of this study was recruited between 15 June and 15 July 2020 from healthcare providers who work in both public and private healthcare sectors in Riyadh and Eastern province in Saudi Arabia utilizing a self-administered questionnaire. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Dr. Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Group (IRB Log No. RC20.06.88-2). Data were collected by using The Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale SDS. A total of 900 healthcare providers working in the healthcare setting during COVID-19 pandemic were invited to participate in the study. A total of 650 healthcare providers participated in the study by completing and submitting the survey.
Almost 30% suffered from depression which can be divided into three categories; mild depression (26.2%), moderate/major (2.5%) and severe/extreme (0.8%). The finding shows that the level of depression among respondents at the age range of 31-40 years old was significantly higher than the level of depression among respondents with the age above 50 years old. Non-Saudi healthcare workers experienced more depression than Saudi workers. It also shows how nurses suffered from depression compared to their physician colleagues. Those who did not suffer from sleeping disorder perceived more depression as compared to those who are having sleeping disorder.
It is recommended that health care facilities should implement strategies to reduce the prevalence of mental health problems among healthcare providers and eventually it will improve their performance in provision of safe and high-quality care for patients.
Objective: The ongoing pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which originated from Wuhan, China, has been identified to be caused by the novel beta coronavirus, severe acute ...respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 has been spreading rapidly worldwide within just a few months. Our aims were to analyze clinical and laboratory abnormalities in ICU patients with COVID-19, in order to define which predictors can distinguish between those who are at higher risk of developing fatal versus non-fatal forms of the disease. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was used; demographics, comorbidities, symptoms, laboratory parameters at ICU admission, and clinical outcomes for the adult patients admitted to ICU were collected from five hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Results: A total of 86 patients with COVID-19 admitted in ICU, 50 patients died, 23 recovered, and 13 were still admitted, with a mortality rate of 58.1%. Septic shock (OR (95% CI): 58.1 (5.97-7812.8), p < 0.001) and acute kidney injury (AKI) (OR (95% CI): 7.279 (1.191-65.43), p = 0.032) had a significant impact on mortality. Cox proportionalhazards regression analysis revealed that septic shock (HR (95% CI): 9.502 (2.958-30.524), p < 0.001) and neutrophil count (HR (95% CI): 1.053 (1.023-1.085), p < 0.001) were significant predictors for mortality. Conclusion: Septic shock, AKI, and high neutrophil count were found to be predictive of death in these patients. Further studies are needed to aid efficient recognition and management of severe COVID-19 patients in our population. Keywords: COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, intensive care units, Saudi Arabia, mortality
Burnout is known to negatively impact healthcare providers both physically and mentally and is assessed using the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS). Many versions of this tool ...have been developed for different parts of the world, but there is currently no valid version specifically designed for use in the Gulf Cooperation Council Region. This study aims to use data collected across six different regions in the Gulf Cooperation Council Region to assess the validity and reliability of the MBI-HSS model and develop a version of the MBI-HSS best suited for evaluating burnout levels among the healthcare providers in this region. The MBI-HSS questionnaire adapted by Maslach was distributed to 888 healthcare providers aged 32 years ± 7 years, 231 (26.1%) of whom were males and 651 (73.9%) of whom were females, between 2017 and 2018. The data collected were randomly divided into two subsamples, resulting in a sample with the data of 300 healthcare professionals for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and 588 healthcare professionals for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The CFA of the original version of the MBI-HSS yielded a chi-square value of 1897 (p < 0.001), indicating the need for revision. EFA was then used to construct a new model of the MBI-HSS, and a CFA was performed on the second subsample to evaluate the model fit to the data. The EFA produced a 3-factor version that accounted for 56.3% of the total variance, with item 11 of the MBI moved to the Emotional Exhaustion (EE) subscale and item 16 loaded onto Depersonalisation (DP) instead of EE. Additionally, items 18 and 20 were omitted. The reconstructed version had a Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) value of 0.065 (<0.08), a goodness of fit index (GFI) value of 0.915 (>0.90) and an adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI) value of 0.893 (>0.8). These results when compared to the CFA of the original model, which produced a GFI value of 0.79, an AGFI value of 0.74 and an RMSEA value of 0.09 (>0.08), indicate that this new version has a more satisfactory fit to the data and should be used when assessing burnout in the Gulf Cooperation Council Region.
Background: Burnout is defined as a long-term work stress. The prevalence of burnout syndrome among nurses is 42% of nurses in England. Many countries have conducted studies to measure the level of ...burnout among health care providers. There is a lack of research on burnout among healthcare providers in the Arabic countries. Aims: This study aimed to assess the burnout level among healthcare providers in Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates and to predict the burnout factors of healthcare providers working in tertiary private hospitals. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was used to evaluate the burnout among healthcare providers. A total of 900 healthcare providers working in the clinical areas of six private hospitals in the Arabia Gulf Region were recruited for the study. A total of 892 healthcare providers were included in the study. A total of eight surveys were excluded due to major missing data. Results: A total of 892 healthcare providers were included in the study. The average age was 32 years ± 7 years for male and female healthcare providers. A high burnout level was found in the results. The participating female healthcare providers had a higher level of emotional exhaustion as compared with their male counterparts. Nurses had more emotional exhaustion as compared with physicians, respiratory therapists, and other colleagues. Conclusions: High burnout levels among healthcare providers can reflect negatively on the healthcare providers well-being, job satisfaction, and mental health. Burnout has been linked with medical errors and physician–patient relationships. We believe that it is important to deal with this issue of public health in Saudi Arabia and UAE. This study aimed to explore burnout levels among healthcare providers in Saudi Arabia and UAE. Results showed a high level of burnout among the healthcare.
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