Waldeyer's ring (WR) involvement in pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is extremely rare and criteria for determining involvement and response to treatment are unclear. The international Staging, ...Evaluation, and Response Criteria Harmonization for Childhood, Adolescent and Young Adult Hodgkin Lymphoma (SEARCH for CAYAHL) Group performed a systematic review of the literature in search of involvement or response criteria, or evidence to support specific criteria. Only 166 cases of HL with WR involvement were reported in the literature, 7 of which were pediatric. To date no standardized diagnostic or response assessment criteria are available. Given the paucity of evidence, using a modified Delphi survey technique, expert consensus statements were developed by the SEARCH group to allow for a more consistent definition of disease and response evaluation related to this rare site of involvement among pediatric oncologists. The available evidence and expert consensus statements are summarized.
Resumen ∙ La Gaviota Cocinera (Larus dominicanus) es una especie generalista que ha expandido e incrementado sus poblaciones en Patagonia. Su capacidad para explotar el consumo de fuentes de alimento ...de origen antrópico, es uno de los factores que ha permitido esta expansión, tanto en ambientes marinos como dulceacuícolas. La colonización de nuevos ambientes puede afectar directa o indirectamente a otras especies, ya sea por predación, competencia o cleptoparasitismo. Por esto último, resulta necesario conocer la composición de la dieta de las poblaciones de Gaviota Cocinera asentadas recientemente en ambientes continentales de agua dulce. El presente estudio brinda información de la dieta post‐reproductiva de la especie en un ambiente dulce‐acuícola patagónico. Se recolectaron 75 pellets regurgitados de la especie en el complejo Islas de La Guardia en el lago Nahuel Huapi, Provincia del Neuquén, Argentina, en la etapa post‐reproductiva de 2010 (21 de enero–27 de febrero 2011). Los desechos orgánicos de origen antrópico fueron los más frecuentes por pellet (58,6%), seguido por insectos (33,3%) y crustáceos (17,3%). En cuanto a la abundancia, los insectos (48,9%) y los desechos orgánicos (24,7%) fueron los ítems más importantes. Para constatar el origen de los pellets y analizar las proporciones etarias fueron censados adultos, subadultos y juveniles en el área antes de cada recolección de pellets regurgitados. El promedio de adultos fue 77,1 (ES = 40,6, rango = 43–155), el de sub‐adultos 6,3 (ES = 3,6, rango = 3–15) y el de juveniles fue de 3 individuos (ES = 2,8, rango = 1–9). La utilización de desechos orgánicos antrópicos por los adultos de Gaviota Cocinera en este ambiente, demostró ser igualmente importante en los períodos post‐reproductivo y reproductivo, y la escasez de juveniles en los censos sugiere la utilización diferencial de recursos. Este es el primer estudio sobre la dieta post‐reproductiva de la Gaviota Cocinera en un ambiente dulce‐acuícola. Abstract ∙ Diet of post‐breeding Kelp Gulls (Larus dominicanus) in Nahuel Huapi Lake, Patagonia Argentina The Kelp Gull (Larus dominicanus) is a generalist species undergoing a process of range expansion and population increase in Patagonia. The ability of utilizing anthropogenic waste is one of the factors that might have enabled this expansion into freshwater environments. Colonization of new environments could affect directly or indirectly other species, throughout predation, competence or kleptoparasitism. In this sense, it is necessary to understand the diet of the recent populations settled in continental freshwater environments. The current study provides information about the post‐breeding diet in a freshwater environment in Patagonia. We collected 75 regurgitated pellets in De La Guardia Islands during the post‐breeding period between January and February 2010 in Nahuel Huapi Lake, Neuquén province, Argentina. Organic human refuse was the most frequent item (58.6%), followed by insects (33.3%) and crustaceans (17.3%). Insects (48.9%) and human refuse (24.7%) were the most important prey items in terms of abundance. Pellets were mainly cast by adults (mean number of adults = 77.1 per visit, SD = 40.6, range = 43–155), which were much more abundant than sub‐adults (mean = 6.3 per visit, SD = 3.6, range = 3–15) or juveniles (mean = 3, SD = 2.8, range = 1–9). Human refuse importance in the diet of the Kelp Gull was as important during post‐breeding as during breeding season. This is the first report of the post‐breeding diet composition of the Kelp Gull in a continental freshwater environment.
Soil characteristics are important drivers of variation in wet tropical forest structure and diversity, but few studies have evaluated these relationships in drier forest types. Using tree and soil ...data from 48 and 32 1 ha plots, respectively, in a Bolivian moist and dry forest, we asked how soil conditions affect forest structure and diversity within each of the two forest types. After correcting for spatial effects, soil-vegetation relationships differed between the dry and the moist forest, being strongest in the dry forest. Furthermore, we hypothesized that soil nutrients would play a more important role in the moist forest than in the dry forest because vegetation in the moist forest is less constrained by water availability and thus can show its full potential response to soil fertility. However, contrary to our expectations, we found that soil fertility explained a larger number of forest variables in the dry forest (50 percent) than in the moist forest (17 percent). Shannon diversity declined with soil fertility at both sites, probably because the most dominant, shade-tolerant species strongly increased in abundance as soil fertility increased.
Tributyltin chloride (TBT) is an environmental contaminant that is used as a biocide in antifouling paints. TBT has been shown to induce endocrine-disrupting effects. However, studies evaluating the ...effects of TBT on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are especially rare. The current study demonstrates that exposure to TBT is critically responsible for the improper function of the mammalian HPA axis as well as the development of abnormal morphophysiology in the pituitary and adrenal glands. Female rats were treated with TBT, and their HPA axis morphophysiology was assessed. High CRH and low ACTH expression and high plasma corticosterone levels were detected in TBT rats. In addition, TBT leads to an increased in the inducible nitric oxide synthase protein expression in the hypothalamus of TBT rats. Morphophysiological abnormalities, including increases in inflammation, a disrupted cellular redox balance, apoptosis, and collagen deposition in the pituitary and adrenal glands, were observed in TBT rats. Increases in adiposity and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ protein expression in the adrenal gland were observed in TBT rats. Together, these data provide in vivo evidence that TBT leads to functional dissociation between CRH, ACTH, and costicosterone, which could be associated an inflammation and increased of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in hypothalamus. Thus, TBT exerts toxic effects at different levels on the HPA axis function.
CONTEXT Pesticides continue to be used on school property, and some schools
are at risk of pesticide drift exposure from neighboring farms, which leads
to pesticide exposure among students and school ...employees. However, information
on the magnitude of illnesses and risk factors associated with these pesticide
exposures is not available. OBJECTIVE To estimate the magnitude of and associated risk factors for pesticide-related
illnesses at schools. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Analysis of surveillance data from 1998 to 2002 of 2593 persons with
acute pesticide-related illnesses associated with exposure at schools. Nationwide
information on pesticide-related illnesses is routinely collected by 3 national
pesticide surveillance systems: the National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health’s Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks
pesticides program, the California Department of Pesticide Regulation, and
the Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incidence rates and severity of acute pesticide-related illnesses. RESULTS Incidence rates for 1998-2002 were 7.4 cases per million children and
27.3 cases per million school employee full-time equivalents. The incidence
rates among children increased significantly from 1998 to 2002. Illness of
high severity was found in 3 cases (0.1%), moderate severity in 275 cases
(11%), and low severity in 2315 cases (89%). Most illnesses were associated
with insecticides (n = 895, 35%), disinfectants (n = 830,
32%), repellents (n = 335, 13%), or herbicides (n = 279,
11%). Among 406 cases with detailed information on the source of pesticide
exposure, 281 (69%) were associated with pesticides used at schools and 125
(31%) were associated with pesticide drift exposure from farmland. CONCLUSIONS Pesticide exposure at schools produces acute illnesses among school
employees and students. To prevent pesticide-related illnesses at schools,
implementation of integrated pest management programs in schools, practices
to reduce pesticide drift, and adoption of pesticide spray buffer zones around
schools are recommended.
Objective: The objective of the study is to examine associations between use of specific pesticides and lifetime allergic rhinitis and current asthma in US primary farm operators.
Methods: The 2011 ...Farm and Ranch Safety Survey data from 11,210 primary farm operators were analyzed. Pesticide use on the farm was determined using an affirmative response to the question of whether the operator ever mixed, loaded, or applied pesticides on their farm in the 12 months prior to the interview. Operators who answered "yes" were further asked about the specific trade name and formulation identifiers of the product they used and personal protective equipment (PPE) used. Data were weighted to produce national estimates. Adjusted prevalence odds ratios (PORs) were calculated using logistic regression. The referent group included operators who did not use any pesticides in the 12 months prior to the interview.
Results: Of an estimated 2.1 million farm operators, 40.0% used pesticides, 30.8% had lifetime allergic rhinitis, and 5.1% had current asthma. Insecticide and herbicide use were significantly associated with lifetime allergic rhinitis and current asthma. The use of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (POR = 1.5; 95% CI 1.2-1.9) and carbaryl (POR = 2.3; 1.4-3.7) was significantly associated with lifetime allergic rhinitis. Of operators using pesticides, 64.9% used PPE the last time they mixed, loaded, or applied pesticides.
Conclusions: Pesticide use was associated with lifetime allergic rhinitis and current asthma among farm operators. Further studies are needed to clarify the dose-response relationship between pesticide use and adverse respiratory health effects.
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