Sorghum has shown the adaptability necessary to sustain its improvement during time and geographical extension despite a genetic foundation constricted by domestication bottlenecks. Initially ...domesticated in the northeastern part of sub-Saharan Africa several millenia ago, sorghum quickly spread throughout Africa, and to Asia. We performed phylogeographic analysis of sequence diversity for six candidate genes for grain quality (Shrunken2, Brittle2, Soluble starch synthaseI, Waxy, Amylose extender1, and Opaque2) in a representative sample of sorghum cultivars. Haplotypes along 1-kb segments appeared little affected by recombination. Sequence similarity enabled clustering of closely related alleles and discrimination of two or three distantly related groups depending on the gene. This scheme indicated that sorghum domestication involved structured founder populations, while confirming a specific status for the guinea margaritiferum subrace. Allele rooted genealogy revealed derivation relationships by mutation or, less frequently, by recombination. Comparison of germplasm compartments revealed contrasts between genes. Sh2, Bt2, and SssI displayed a loss of diversity outside the area of origin of sorghum, whereas O2 and, to some extent, Wx and Ae1 displayed novel variation, derived from postdomestication mutations. These are likely to have been conserved under the effect of human selection, thus releasing valuable neodiversity whose extent will influence germplasm management strategies.
A sorghum core collection representing a wide range of genetic diversity and used in the framework of a sorghum breeding and genetics program was evaluated by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy ...(NIRS) to predict food grain quality traits: amylose content (AM), protein content (PR), lipid content (LI), endosperm texture (ET), and hardness (HD). A total of 278 sorghum samples were scanned as whole and ground grain to develop calibration equations. Laboratory analyses were performed on NIRS sample subsets that preserved the core collection racial distribution. Principal component analysis performed on NIRS spectra evidenced a level of structure following known sorghum races, which underlined the importance of using a wide range of genetic diversity. Performances of calibration equations were evaluated by the coefficient of determination, bias, standard error of laboratory (SEL), and ratio of performance deviation (RPD). Ground grain spectra gave better calibration equations than whole grain. PR equation (RPD of 5.7) can be used for quality control. ET, LI, and HD equations (RPD of 2.9, 2.6, and 2.6, respectively) can be used for screening steps. Even with a small SEL in whole sample analysis, a RPD of 1.8 for AM confirmed that this variable is not easy to predict with NIRS. Keywords: Sorghum; core collection; amylose content; protein content; lipid content; endosperm texture; grain hardness; near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS); partial least-square regression
To ensure food security in Africa and Asia, developing sorghum varieties with grain quality that matches consumer demand is a major breeding objective that requires a better understanding of the ...genetic control of grain quality traits. The objective of this targeted association study was to assess whether the polymorphism detected in six genes involved in synthesis pathways of starch (
Sh2
,
Bt2
,
SssI
,
Ae1
, and
Wx
) or grain storage proteins (
O2
) could explain the phenotypic variability of six grain quality traits amylose content (AM), protein content (PR), lipid content (LI), hardness (HD), endosperm texture (ET), peak gelatinization temperature (PGT), two yield component traits thousand grain weight (TGW) and number of grains per panicle (NBG), and yield itself (YLD). We used a core collection of 195 accessions which had been previously phenotyped and for which polymorphic sites had been identified in sequenced segments of the six genes. The associations between gene polymorphism and phenotypic traits were analyzed with Tassel. The percentages of admixture of each accession, estimated using 60 RFLP probes, were used as cofactors in the analyses, decreasing the proportion of false-positive tests (70%) due to population structure. The significant associations observed matched generally well the role of the enzymes encoded by the genes known to determine starch amount or type.
Sh2
,
Bt2
,
Ae1
, and
Wx
were associated with TGW.
SssI
and
Ae1
were associated with PGT, a trait influenced by amylopectin amount.
Sh2
was associated with AM while
Wx
was not, possibly because of the absence of waxy accessions in our collection.
O2
and
Wx
were associated with HD and ET. No association was found between
O2
and PR. These results were consistent with QTL or association data in sorghum and in orthologous zones of maize. This study represents the first targeted association mapping study for grain quality in sorghum and paves the way for marker-aided selection.
The study aimed to describe the Bubalus bubalis seminal plasma proteome using a label‐free shotgun UDMSE approach. A total of 859 nonredundant proteins were identified across five biological ...replicates with stringent identification. Proteins specifically related to sperm maturation and protection, capacitation, fertilization and metabolic activity were detected in the buffalo seminal fluid. In conclusion, we provide a comprehensive proteomic profile of buffalo seminal plasma, which establishes a foundation for further studies designed to understand regulation of sperm function and discovery of novel biomarkers for fertility. MS data are available in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD003728.
In the present study, we investigated the involvement of resident cell and inflammatory mediators in the neutrophil migration induced by chemotactic activity of a glucose/mannose-specific lectin ...isolated from
Dioclea rostrata seeds (DrosL). Rats were injected i.p. with DrosL (125–1000
μg/cavity), and at 2–96
h thereafter the leukocyte counts in peritoneal fluid were determined. DrosL-induced a dose-dependent neutrophil migration accumulation, which reached maximal response at 24
h after injection and declines thereafter. The carbohydrate ligand nearly abolished the neutrophil influx. Pre-treatment of peritoneal cavities with thioglycolate which increases peritoneal macrophage numbers, enhanced neutrophil migration induced by DrosL by 303%. However, the reduction of peritoneal mast cell numbers by treatment of the cavities with compound 48/80 did not modify DrosL-induced neutrophil migration. The injection into peritoneal cavities of supernatants from macrophage cultures stimulated with DrosL (125, 250 and 500
μg/ml) induced neutrophil migration. In addition, DrosL treatment induced cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and CINC-1) and NO release into the peritoneal cavity of rats. Finally, neutrophil chemotaxis assay
in vitro showed that the lectin (15 and 31
μg/ml) induced neutrophil chemotaxis by even 180%. In conclusion, neutrophil migration induced by
D. rostrata lectin occurs by way of the release of NO and cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α and CINC-1.
The development of novel approaches for crop protection requires continued advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling plant immunity. Molecular and genomics tools have ...advanced our understanding, with two key branches currently recognized. In one, plant innate defense is governed by PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI), following host recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Successful pathogens can, however, suppress PTI signaling through evolution of specific effector proteins. Plants, in response, have co-evolved cytoplasmic resistance (R) protein receptors which establish effector-triggered immunity (ETI), a second immune system branch which recognizes specific pathogen effectors. Although banana (Musa spp.) is one of the world’s most important edible crops, contributing towards food security, a comprehensive transcriptomic dataset is not yet available for use in accelerated molecular-based breeding. In order to develop a functional genomics resource for this crop which reveals transcriptional changes during plant immunity responses to biotic stresses, we performed a pyrosequencing study of expressed genes in Musa acuminate genotypes during compatible and incompatible reactions with the fungal pathogen Mycosphaerella musicola, causal organism of Sigatoka leaf spot disease. Total RNA samples were prepared from whole plant leaf material from 'Calcutta 4' (M. acuminate ssp. burmannicoides, resistant) and 'Grande Naine' (AAA, Cavendish, susceptible), both uninfected and artificially challenged with pathogen conidiospores. Full-length enriched cDNA libraries were sequenced using a 454 GS-FLX system pyrosequencer with Titanium chemistry, generating 978,133 raw sequencing reads, with an average length of 334 bp and totaling over 460 million bp. Over 35,000 unigenes were assembled for each genotype, with approximately 35% displaying no significant similarity to any sequences in the public databases. In silico analysis identified differentially expressed genes associated with stresses and responses to biotic stimuli. Datasets were exploited for identification of expressed resistance gene analogs and defense genes, as well as large-scale SSR marker development. Together with future functional analysis and genetic map enrichment approaches, the resources generated will contribute to our understanding of plant immunity processes in Musa, facilitating long-term disease management based upon genetic improvement.
Objetivou-se, com o presente trabalho, avaliar a produtividade de matéria seca de seis gramíneas, sob efeito de diferentes lâminas de irrigação, em diferentes estações do ano. O experimento foi ...conduzido em esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas havendo, nas parcelas seis gramíneas (Xaraés, Mombaça, Tanzânia, Pioneiro, Marandu e Estrela), nas subparcelas, seis lâminas de irrigação (0, 18, 45, 77, 100 e 120% da referência) e, nas subsubparcelas, as estações (outono/inverno e primavera/verão) no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com duas repetições. Para diferenciar a aplicação das lâminas de irrigação, utilizou-se o sistema por aspersão em linha. O efeito proporcionado pelas diferentes gramíneas na produtividade de matéria seca dependeu da lâmina de irrigação e da estação do ano. De forma geral, a estação primavera/verão, em virtude de apresentar maior temperatura, proporcionou também maior produtividade em relação à estação outono/inverno. As lâminas de irrigação foram dependentes da estação para conferir efeito, ensejando maior produtividade apenas na estação outono/inverno. O capim-xaraés possui maior produtividade de matéria seca.
This study aimed at evaluating the dry matter yield of six grasses under different irrigation depths and seasons. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with two replications, in split-split plots. Six grasses (Xaraes, Mombaça, Tanzania, Pioneiro, Marandu and Estrela) constituted the plots, the irrigation depths (0, 18, 45, 77, 100 and 120% of the reference evapotranspiration) corresponded to the split-plots, and seasons (autumn/winter and spring/summer) the split-split-plots. A line source sprinkler system was used to vary the application of different depths of irrigation. The dry-matter yield of different grasses was dependent on irrigation depth and season. In general, the spring/summer season, because of higher temperatures, resulted in higher yields in relation to the autumn/winter season. The irrigation depths were dependent on the season, proportioning higher yields only in the autumn/winter season. The Xaraés-grass possesses greater productivity of dry matter.
Objetivou-se, com o presente trabalho, avaliar a produtividade de matéria seca de seis gramíneas, sob efeito de diferentes lâminas de irrigação, em diferentes estações do ano. O experimento foi ...conduzido em esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas havendo, nas parcelas seis gramíneas (Xaraés, Mombaça, Tanzânia, Pioneiro, Marandu e Estrela), nas subparcelas, seis lâminas de irrigação (0, 18, 45, 77, 100 e 120% da referência) e, nas subsubparcelas, as estações (outono/inverno e primavera/verão) no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com duas repetições. Para diferenciar a aplicação das lâminas de irrigação, utilizou-se o sistema por aspersão em linha. O efeito proporcionado pelas diferentes gramíneas na produtividade de matéria seca dependeu da lâmina de irrigação e da estação do ano. De forma geral, a estação primavera/verão, em virtude de apresentar maior temperatura, proporcionou também maior produtividade em relação à estação outono/inverno. As lâminas de irrigação foram dependentes da estação para conferir efeito, ensejando maior produtividade apenas na estação outono/inverno. O capim-xaraés possui maior produtividade de matéria seca.
This study aimed at evaluating the dry matter yield of six grasses under different irrigation depths and seasons. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with two replications, in split-split plots. Six grasses (Xaraes, Mombaça, Tanzania, Pioneiro, Marandu and Estrela) constituted the plots, the irrigation depths (0, 18, 45, 77, 100 and 120% of the reference evapotranspiration) corresponded to the split-plots, and seasons (autumn/winter and spring/summer) the split-split-plots. A line source sprinkler system was used to vary the application of different depths of irrigation. The dry-matter yield of different grasses was dependent on irrigation depth and season. In general, the spring/summer season, because of higher temperatures, resulted in higher yields in relation to the autumn/winter season. The irrigation depths were dependent on the season, proportioning higher yields only in the autumn/winter season. The Xaraés-grass possesses greater productivity of dry matter.
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