ObjectiveConcussion in sport raises two serious concerns. First, concussion carries a public health risk, given that athletes are regularly exposed to the risk of sustaining concussion. Secondly, ...sports federations are exposed to the risk of financial and reputational damage as a consequence of legal proceedings being filed against them. My thesis examines how to reduce these two-fold risks, and proposes a harmonised solution across sports and legal systems.DesignMy thesis relies upon doctrinal research and comparative law methods. Its backbone consists of case studies, which describe and analyse the current regulation of concussion.SettingThe case studies focus on selected professional team sports and countries: United States (American football, hockey, football, water polo, baseball); Canada (Canadian football); Australia (rugby, Australian Rules football); Switzerland (football, hockey); England and Brazil (football).ScopeMy thesis focuses on professional team sports, excluding elite and grassroots sports, as well as individual sports.Interventions/Outcome MeasuresThe measures taken by sports federations can be divided into six categories: the rules of play, rules of the game and concussion management protocols, financial support for injured athletes, education, research and data collection. The measures taken by governments include legislative interventions and guidelines, other congressional and parliamentary interventions, education, research and data collection.Main ResultsWhile sports federations and governments have made notable regulatory efforts, opportunities for further improvement exist. Current efforts are taking place within a framework that is still too often opaque, conflictive, defensive and self-centered. Harmonised reforms appear urgently necessary, given the ongoing nature of the concussion controversy across countries and sports, and the need for sport to operate internationally. The proposed reforms, inspired by the anti-doping system, consist of an international standard, an international convention, a new international sports safety body and some limited enforcement mechanisms.
English state systems to manage supporters, organisers of sports events and third parties at sporting events - measures implemented by clubs and the league - influence of English system in other ...countries as model of good practice - summary of situation in Australia.
Summary Match-fixing/ISLJ. The issue of match-fixing is one of the biggest challenges that the sports industry currently faces. This paper focuses on match-fixing in cricket and football. These ...sports are traditionally affected by this unfortunate phenomenon. They have been hit hard by scandals during the last couple of decades. Their governing bodies have also been the first ones to react and try to find solutions. In this context, the author argues that even if the cricket and football governing bodies still have room for improvement in the fight against match-fixing, the mechanisms they have set up could be used, to a certain extent, by other sports federations as guidance. Further, she particularly insists on the necessity of an external support for sports organisations. This could be made through the implementation of a world integrity sports body, involving actors of the private and public sector, as well as, more generally, an increased intervention of public authorities to supplement initiatives set up by sports organisations.
Violence amongst spectators of sporting events has a long history. Beginning in the 1960s and originating in England, a new type of organised, group violence began to be experienced, particularly ...amongst football spectators. This ‘hooliganism’ led to such infamous incidents as the 1985 Heysel disaster in Belgium, in which 39 spectators died as a consequence of violence between fans of English and Italian football clubs. Hooliganism led to a series of regulatory responses in England, including various legislative initiatives. This article analyses those regulatory responses, which have collectively become known as the English model for tackling hooliganism. It notes the apparent overall domestic success of these regulatory initiatives, while observing some analytical gaps that make definitive conclusions difficult. The influence of the English system abroad and its use in other countries as a model of good practice - in particular France, Belgium, Italy, Germany and Switzerland - is then critically examined. This article concludes with a summary of the situation in a non-European nation, Australia.
Violence amongst spectators of sporting events has a long history. Beginning in the 1960s and originating in England, a new type of organised, group violence began to be experienced, particularly ...amongst football spectators. This 'hooliganism' led to such infamous incidents as the 1985 Heysel disaster in Belgium, in which 39 spectators died as a consequence of violence between fans of English and Italian football clubs. Hooliganism led to a series of regulatory responses in England, including various legislative initiatives. This article analyses those regulatory responses, which have collectively become known as the English model for tackling hooliganism. It notes the apparent overall domestic success of these regulatory initiatives, while observing some analytical gaps that make definitive conclusions difficult. The influence of the English system abroad and its use in other countries as a model of good practice - in particular France, Belgium, Italy, Germany and Switzerland - is then critically examined. This article concludes with a summary of the situation in a non-European nation, Australia.
Violence amongst spectators of sporting events has a long history. Beginning in the 1960s and originating in England, a new type of organised, group violence began to be experienced, particularly ...amongst football spectators. This ‘hooliganism’ led to such infamous incidents as the 1985 Heysel disaster in Belgium, in which 39 spectators died as a consequence of violence between fans of English and Italian football clubs. Hooliganism led to a series of regulatory responses in England, including various legislative initiatives. This article analyses those regulatory responses, which have collectively become known as the English model for tackling hooliganism. It notes the apparent overall domestic success of these regulatory initiatives, while observing some analytical gaps that make definitive conclusions difficult. The influence of the English system abroad and its use in other countries as a model of good practice - in particular France, Belgium, Italy, Germany and Switzerland - is then critically examined. This article concludes with a summary of the situation in a non-European nation, Australia.
English state systems to manage supporters, organisers of sports events and third parties at sporting events - measures implemented by clubs and the league - influence of English system in other ...countries as model of good practice - summary of situation in Australia.
La lutte contre le dopage montre une tendance croissante à articuler un axe du droit, construit sur la sanction, et un axe de la régulation enraciné dans des principes d’arbitrage et de conciliation ...attentifs aux notions de dignité des sportifs. Nous illustrons notre propos et les ambiguïtés de cette lutte à travers l’analyse socio-juridique des premiers éléments de mise en œuvre du projet-pilote de lutte antidopage Windop. Ce dernier, soutenu financièrement par l’Agence mondiale antidopage (AMA) et bénéficiant de l’expertise de sociologues et de psychologues, vise depuis 2010 à réhabiliter des sportifs convaincus de dopage, à travers diverses mesures d’accompagnement destinées à reconnaître la faute, à prévenir les récidives et à reconstruire un avenir sportif.
The fight against doping shows an increasing trend towards articulating an axis of law, built on sanctions, and an axis of regulation rooted in arbitration and conciliation principles mindful of the notions of athletes’ dignity. We illustrate our argument and the ambiguities of this fight through a socio-legal analysis of the first elements of the implementation of the anti-doping pilot project Windop. This project, financially supported by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and benefitting from the expertise of sociologists and psychologists, has, since 2010, intended to rehabilitate athletes found guilty of doping, through various support measures aimed at recognizing the fault, preventing repetition of an offence and rebuilding a sporting future.
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