Transition metal-catalysed functionalizations of inert C-H bonds to construct C-C bonds represent an ideal route in the synthesis of valuable organic molecules. Fine tuning of directing groups, ...catalysts and ligands has played a crucial role in selective C-H bond (sp
2
or sp
3
) activation. Recent developments in these areas have assured a high level of regioselectivity in C-H olefination reactions. In this review, we have summarized the recent progress in the oxidative olefination of sp
2
and sp
3
C-H bonds with special emphasis on distal, atroposelective, non-directed sp
2
and directed sp
3
C-H olefination. The scope, limitation, and mechanism of various transition metal-catalysed olefination reactions have been described briefly.
Transition metal-catalysed functionalizations of inert C-H bonds to construct C-C bonds represent an ideal route in the synthesis of valuable organic molecules.
•This systematic review describes suicidal behaviors and risk factors during COVID-19 pandemic.•A total of 38 studies were included, with 12 being included in the meta- analysis.•The pooled ...prevalence of suicidal ideation in these studies was 12.1% (CI 9.3–15.2).•Main risk factors include; loneliness, mental health difficulties, quarantine and exhaustion.•Suicidal ideations is higher than reported in studies published prior to COVID-19.
We aimed to do a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies describing suicidal ideation, suicide attempts and suicide and associated risk factors during COVID-19 pandemic. We searched following electronic databases using relevant search terms: Medline, Embase, PsycInfo and CINAHL and systematically reviewed the evidence following PRISMA guidelines. The meta-analysis of prevalence of suicidal ideation was done using random effect model. The search returned 972 records, we examined 106 in full text and included 38 studies describing 120,076 participants. Nineteen studies described suicide or attempted self-harm, mostly in case reports. Out of 19 studies describing suicidal ideations, 12 provided appropriate data for meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of suicidal ideation in these studies was 12.1% (CI 9.3–15.2). Main risk factors for suicidal ideations were: low social support, high physical and mental exhaustion and poorer self-reported physical health in frontline medical workers, sleep disturbances, quarantine and exhaustion, loneliness, and mental health difficulties. We provide first meta-analytic estimate of suicidal ideation based on large sample from different countries and populations. The rate of suicidal ideations during COVID pandemic is higher than that reported in studies on general population prior to pandemic and may result in higher suicide rates in future.
This study analyses the role of green growth in promoting a sustainable environment. In literature, the empirical and theoretical examination on the role of green growth in carbon dioxide (CO2) ...emissions is missing, especially in combination with other factors, i.e., human capital index, environment-related taxes and development of environment-related technologies. This study investigates the role of environmentally adjusted multifactor productivity growth (i.e. green growth) on CO2 emissions for G7 countries from 1991 to 2017. The study utilizes second generation panel data method(s), i.e. Cross-Sectionally Augmented Auto-regressive Distributive lag (CS-ARDL) model. The outcomes of theoretical and empirical findings indicate that both linear and non-linear term for green growth reduces CO2 emissions. Also, environmental tax, human capital and renewable energy use are found to decrease CO2 emissions. The impact of GDP growth both in short-run and long-run is environment depletion. However, our result supports the theoretical notion that green growth sustains environment quality. We obtained consistent results from panel causality test. Our results may further strengthen the belief of policymakers in developed countries on the promotion of green growth.
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•We analyzed the effect of green growth and environmental tax on CO2 emissions.•We applied advanced panel data techniques.•Linear and non-linear term of green growth reduce CO2 emissions.•Environmental tax, renewable energy and human capital improve the environment.
Blockchain technologies can support traceability, transparency and trust among participants. This has primarily been explored in established supply chains and not in the growing use of business ...networks or ecosystems, which is a notable limitation since supply chains typically are organised with a dominant actor that ensures common information systems and standards that negate blockchain benefits. Hence, this study explores the design of a blockchain-based collaborative framework for resource sharing using smart contracts. These are particularly well-suited for supporting operations in broader networks or ecosystems beyond supply chains with established collaborations and hierarchies. Based on a systematic literature review, a demonstrator framework was developed for stakeholder interactions through a procurement and distribution unit backed with blockchain technology. The framework consists of (a) network architecture to demonstrate partner interactions; (b) rules for network working principles based on supply collaboration requirements; (c) UML diagram to define smart contract interaction sequence; and (d) algorithm for smart contract network verification and validation. Applicability of these smart contracts was verified by deployment on an Ethereum blockchain. The demonstrator framework ensures quality and data authenticity in supply networks, so it is useful for effective resource utilisation in networks where outsourcing and production surpluses are major issues.
Aqueous rechargeable zinc‐based batteries have sparked a lot of enthusiasm in the energy storage field recently due to their inherent safety, low cost, and environmental friendliness. Although ...remarkable progress has been made in the exploration of performance so far, there are still many challenges such as low working voltage and dissolution of electrode materials at the material and system level. Herein, the central tenet is to establish a systematic summary for the construction and mechanism of different aqueous zinc‐based batteries. Details for three major zinc‐based battery systems, including alkaline rechargeable Zn‐based batteries (ARZBs), aqueous Zn ion batteries (AZIBs), and dual‐ion hybrid Zn batteries (DHZBs) are given. First, the electrode materials and energy storage mechanism of the three types of zinc‐based batteries are discussed to provide universal guidance for these batteries. Then, the electrode behavior of zinc anodes and strategies to deal with problems such as dendrite and passivation are recommended. Finally, some challenge‐oriented solutions are provided to facilitate the next development of zinc‐based batteries. Combining the characteristics of zinc‐based batteries with good use of concepts and ideas from other disciplines will surely pave the way for its commercialization.
Herein, a systematic summary for the construction and mechanism of different aqueous zinc‐based batteries is established. Details for three major zinc‐based battery systems, including alkaline rechargeable Zn‐based batteries, aqueous Zn ion batteries, and dual‐ion hybrid Zn batteries are given. Combining the characteristics of zinc‐based batteries with good use of concepts and ideas from other disciplines will surely pave the way for its commercialization.
This study highlights the importance of fiscal decentralization in promoting a sustainable environment. The literature on the importance of fiscal decentralization in affecting environmental quality ...is scant, and thus, this study attempts to fill the gap by incorporating the linear and nonlinear terms of fiscal decentralization as possible determinants for CO2 emissions. Particularly, we utilize data from seven highly fiscally decentralized countries, that is, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Germany, Spain, and Switzerland, over the period 1990–2018. For empirical analysis, advanced panel data econometric tools are used that can deal with both heterogeneous coefficients and dependence of cross‐sections. The findings confirm that linear and nonlinear terms of fiscal decentralization improve the environment by reducing CO2 emissions. Moreover, gross domestic product (GDP) increases, while eco‐innovation and renewable energy usage reduce CO2 emissions. This study recommends that any policy that targets green growth will affect CO2 emissions. Moreover, policies targeting fiscal decentralization, GDP, eco‐innovation, and renewable energy will play the role in more than 1 year, namely in the long run.
In the current framework, we study the chemically reactive Maxwell fluid flow over a vertically moving upward/downward rotating disk during the unsteady motion in the presence of magnetic flux. The ...problem formulation is made in a manner that governing equations of the physical phenomenon ultimately reduce to classical von Karman viscous pumping problem in the absence of vertical motion. Additionally, the aspects of chemical reaction and nonlinear radiations on heat and mass transfer analysis are studied. For the analysis, we use the similarity transformations that convert the governing system of partial differential equations into ordinary ones. The solution of the transformed system is obtained numerically using bvp4c in MATLAB. The numerical outcomes are demonstrated through graphical and tabular depictions. The results of velocity, temperature and concentration fields are discussed in the presence of upward/downward motion of the disk, magnetic parameter, Deborah number, Schmidt number and chemical reaction parameter. Significant outcomes reveal that the impact of disk upward motion parameter boosts the radial and angular flows. It is further noted that the heat transfer rate grows considerably with the disk rotation and radiation parameters. Moreover, Schmidt and chemical reaction parameters play a vital role in enhancing the Sherwood number.
This paper studies an unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Maxwell fluid flow on a rotating as well as a vertically moving disk in the presence of homogeneous–heterogeneous reactions. An improved heat ...conduction theory, namely Cattaneo–Christov heat flux, is implemented instead of classical Fourier’s law to analyze the thermal features. The problem is basically an extension of the well-known von Karman viscous pump problem to the situation where a disk is rotating. The leading equations of motion are converted into a set of nonlinear differential equations by using von Karman transformations. A Matlab-based scheme, namely bvp4c, which uses finite difference method, is employed for numerical integration. It is noted that the wall motion of the rotating disk performs a similar effect to that of suction/injection. Further, it is observed that by elevating thermal relaxation time parameter, the temperature field diminishes. Moreover, stronger rates of homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions cause to reduce the concentration profile.
Two young girls, aged 11 and 12 years, presented with obesity and Acanthosis Nigricans. They were found to have severe insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes mellitus. Anti-glutamic acid ...decarboxylase and anti-islet cell antibodies were negative. Tests for hypothyroidism and Cushing’s syndrome were negative. They were managed with lifestyle modification and metformin.
Intuitionistic hesitant fuzzy set (IHFS) is a mixture of two separated notions called intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) and hesitant fuzzy set (HFS), as an important technique to cope with uncertain and ...awkward information in realistic decision issues. IHFS contains the grades of truth
and falsity in the form of the subset of the unit interval. The notion of IHFS was defined by many scholars with different conditions, which contain several weaknesses. Here, keeping in view the problems of already de ned IHFSs, we will define IHFS in another way so that it becomes compatible
with other existing notions. To examine the interrelationship between any numbers of IHFSs, we combined the notions of power averaging (PA) operators and power geometric (PG) operators with IHFSs to present the idea of intuitionistic hesitant fuzzy PA (IHFPA) operators, intuitionistic hesitant
fuzzy PG (IHFPG) operators, intuitionistic hesitant fuzzy power weighted average (IHFPWA) operators, intuitionistic hesitant fuzzy power ordered weighted average (IHFPOWA) operators, intuitionistic hesitant fuzzy power ordered weighted geometric (IHFPOWG) operators, intuitionistic hesitant
fuzzy power hybrid average (IHFPHA) operators, intuitionistic hesitant fuzzy power hybrid geometric (IHFPHG) operators and examined as well their fundamental properties. Some special cases of the explored work are also discovered. Additionally, the similarity measures based on IHFSs are presented
and their advantages are discussed along examples. Furthermore, we initiated a new approach to multiple attribute decision making (MADM) problem applying suggested operators and a mathematical model is solved to develop an approach and to establish its common sense and adequacy. Advantages,
comparative analysis, and graphical representation of the presented work are elaborated to show the reliability and effectiveness of the presented works.
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