Late-stage rehabilitation programs often incorporate 'sport-specific' demands, but may not optimally simulate the in-game volume or intensity of such activities as sprinting, cutting, jumping, and ...lateral movement.
The aim of this review was to characterize, quantify, and compare straight-line running and multi-directional demands during sport competition.
A systematic review of PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases was conducted.
Studies that reported time-motion analysis data on straight-line running, accelerations/decelerations, activity changes, jumping, cutting, or lateral movement over the course of an entire competition in a multi-directional sport (soccer, basketball, lacrosse, handball, field hockey, futsal, volleyball) were included.
Data was organized based on sport, age level, and sex and descriptive statistics of the frequency, intensity, time, and volume of the characteristics of running and multi-directional demands were extracted from each study.
Eighty-one studies were included in the review (n = 47 soccer, n = 11 basketball, n = 9 handball, n = 7 field hockey, n = 3 futsal, n = 4 volleyball). Variability of sport demand data was found across sports, sexes, and age levels. Specifically, soccer and field hockey demanded the most volume of running, while basketball required the highest ratio of high-intensity running to sprinting. Athletes change activity between 500 and 3000 times over the course of a competition, or once every 2-4 s. Studies of soccer reported the most frequent cutting (up to 800 per game), while studies of basketball reported the highest frequency of lateral movement (up to 450 per game). Basketball (42-56 per game), handball (up to 90 per game), and volleyball (up to 35 per game) were found to require the most jumping.
These data may provide an incomplete view of an athlete's straight-line running load, considering that only competition and not practice data was provided.
Considerable variability exists in the demands of straight-line running and multi-directional demands across sports, competition levels, and sexes, indicating the need for sports medicine clinicians to design future rehabilitation programs with improved specificity (including the type of activity and dosage) to these demands.
ABSTRACT
We investigate the relation between active galactic nucleus (AGN) and star formation (SF) activity at 0.5 < z < 3 by analysing 898 galaxies with X-ray luminous AGNs (LX > 1044 erg s−1) and a ...large comparison sample of ∼320 000 galaxies without X-ray luminous AGNs. Our samples are selected from a large (11.8 deg2) area in Stripe 82 that has multiwavelength (X-ray to far-IR) data. The enormous comoving volume (∼0.3 Gpc3) at 0.5 < z < 3 minimizes the effects of cosmic variance and captures a large number of massive galaxies (∼30 000 galaxies with M* > 1011 M⊙) and X-ray luminous AGNs. While many galaxy studies discard AGN hosts, we fit the SED of galaxies with and without X-ray luminous AGNs with Code Investigating GALaxy Emission and include AGN emission templates. We find that without this inclusion, stellar masses and star formation rates (SFRs) in AGN host galaxies can be overestimated, on average, by factors of up to ∼5 and ∼10, respectively. The average SFR of galaxies with X-ray luminous AGNs is higher by a factor of ∼3–10 compared to galaxies without X-ray luminous AGNs at fixed stellar mass and redshift, suggesting that high SFRs and high AGN X-ray luminosities may be fuelled by common mechanisms. The vast majority ($\gt 95 {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) of galaxies with X-ray luminous AGNs at z = 0.5−3 do not show quenched SF: this suggests that if AGN feedback quenches SF, the associated quenching process takes a significant time to act and the quenched phase sets in after the highly luminous phases of AGN activity.
Abstract
We present the characteristics of 2 mm selected sources from the largest Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) blank-field contiguous survey conducted to date, the Mapping ...Obscuration to Reionization with ALMA (MORA) survey covering 184 arcmin
2
at 2 mm. Twelve of 13 detections above 5
σ
are attributed to emission from galaxies, 11 of which are dominated by cold dust emission. These sources have a median redshift of
〈
z
2
mm
〉
=
3.6
−
0.3
+
0.4
primarily based on optical/near-infrared photometric redshifts with some spectroscopic redshifts, with 77% ± 11% of sources at
z
> 3 and 38% ± 12% of sources at
z
> 4. This implies that 2 mm selection is an efficient method for identifying the highest-redshift dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs). Lower-redshift DSFGs (
z
< 3) are far more numerous than those at
z
> 3 yet are likely to drop out at 2 mm. MORA shows that DSFGs with star formation rates in excess of 300
M
⊙
yr
−1
and a relative rarity of ∼10
−5
Mpc
−3
contribute ∼30% to the integrated star formation rate density at 3 <
z
< 6. The volume density of 2 mm selected DSFGs is consistent with predictions from some cosmological simulations and is similar to the volume density of their hypothesized descendants: massive, quiescent galaxies at
z
> 2. Analysis of MORA sources’ spectral energy distributions hint at steeper empirically measured dust emissivity indices than reported in typical literature studies, with
〈
β
〉
=
2.2
−
0.4
+
0.5
. The MORA survey represents an important step in taking census of obscured star formation in the universe’s first few billion years, but larger area 2 mm surveys are needed to more fully characterize this rare population and push to the detection of the universe’s first dusty galaxies.
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are a life-threatening disease for which there is a lack of effective therapy preventing aortic rupture. During AAA formation, pathological vascular remodeling is ...driven by macrophage infiltration, and the mechanisms regulating macrophage-mediated inflammation remain undefined. Recent evidence suggests that an epigenetic enzyme, JMJD3, plays a critical role in establishing macrophage phenotype. Using single-cell RNA sequencing of human AAA tissues, we identified increased JMJD3 in aortic monocyte/macrophages resulting in up-regulation of an inflammatory immune response. Mechanistically, we report that interferon-β regulates Jmjd3 expression via JAK/STAT and that JMJD3 induces NF-κB-mediated inflammatory gene transcription in infiltrating aortic macrophages. In vivo targeted inhibition of JMJD3 with myeloid-specific genetic depletion (JMJD3f/fLyz2Cre+) or pharmacological inhibition in the elastase or angiotensin II-induced AAA model preserved the repressive H3K27me3 on inflammatory gene promoters and markedly reduced AAA expansion and attenuated macrophage-mediated inflammation. Together, our findings suggest that cell-specific pharmacologic therapy targeting JMJD3 may be an effective intervention for AAA expansion.
A total of 1500 nonthoracic MRI examinations were performed on patients with a non–MRI-conditional pacemaker or ICD, after programming of the devices in accordance with a standardized protocol. No ...patient whose device was appropriately programmed had device or lead failure.
The use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) poses potential safety concerns for patients with an implanted cardiac device (cardiac pacemaker or implantable cardioverter–defibrillator ICD). These concerns are a consequence of the potential for magnetic field–induced cardiac lead heating, which could result in myocardial thermal injury and detrimental changes in pacing properties.
1
–
3
As a result, it has long been recommended that patients with an implanted cardiac device not undergo MRI scanning, even when it otherwise may be considered to be the most appropriate diagnostic imaging method for the patient’s clinical care.
4
Over the past two decades, cardiac devices have been . . .
To determine the applications of machine learning (ML) techniques used for the primary prevention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs), a scoping review was conducted using seven ...literature databases. Of the 4,639 initial results, 130 primary research studies were deemed relevant for inclusion. Studies were reviewed and classified as a contribution to one of six steps within the primary WMSD prevention research framework by van der Beek et al. (2017). ML techniques provided the greatest contributions to the development of interventions (48 studies), followed by risk factor identification (33 studies), underlying mechanisms (29 studies), incidence of WMSDs (14 studies), evaluation of interventions (6 studies), and implementation of effective interventions (0 studies). Nearly a quarter (23.8%) of all included studies were published in 2020. These findings provide insight into the breadth of ML techniques used for primary WMSD prevention and can help identify areas for future research and development.
•Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) constitute a major global problem.•Machine learning (ML) techniques have begun to advance the study of WMSDs.•To survey the use of ML in primary WMSD prevention, a scoping review was conducted.•130 surveyed studies were organized in a 6 step WMSD prevention research framework.•Most commonly, ML has been used to develop interventions and identify risk factors.
Abstract
The 2 mm Mapping Obscuration to Reionization with ALMA (MORA) Survey was designed to detect high-redshift (
z
≳ 4), massive, dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs). Here we present two likely ...high-redshift sources, identified in the survey, whose physical characteristics are consistent with a class of optical/near-infrared (OIR)-invisible DSFGs found elsewhere in the literature. We first perform a rigorous analysis of all available photometric data to fit spectral energy distributions and estimate redshifts before deriving physical properties based on our findings. Our results suggest the two galaxies, called MORA-5 and MORA-9, represent two extremes of the “OIR-dark” class of DSFGs. MORA-5 (
z
phot
=
4.3
−
1.3
+
1.5
) is a significantly more active starburst with a star formation rate (SFR) of
830
−
190
+
340
M
⊙
yr
−1
compared to MORA-9 (
z
phot
=
4.3
−
1.0
+
1.3
), whose SFR is a modest
200
−
60
+
250
M
⊙
yr
−1
. Based on the stellar masses (
M
⋆
≈ 10
10−11
M
⊙
), space density (
n
∼ (5 ± 2) × 10
−6
Mpc
−3
, which incorporates two other spectroscopically confirmed OIR-dark DSFGs in the MORA sample at
z
= 4.6 and
z
= 5.9), and gas depletion timescales (<1 Gyr) of these sources, we find evidence supporting the theory that OIR-dark DSFGs are the progenitors of recently discovered 3 <
z
< 4 massive quiescent galaxies.
Machine learning techniques for clinical applications are evolving, and the potential impact this will have on clinical neurology is important to recognize. By providing a broad overview on this ...growing paradigm of clinical tools, this article aims to help healthcare professionals in neurology prepare to navigate both the opportunities and challenges brought on through continued advancements in machine learning. This narrative review first elaborates on how machine learning models are organized and implemented. Machine learning tools are then classified by clinical application, with examples of uses within neurology described in more detail. Finally, this article addresses limitations and considerations regarding clinical machine learning applications in neurology.
4-1BB agonist antibody treatment induces a population of KLRG1(+) T cells that infiltrate melanoma tumors. We investigated the origin and function of these cells, as well as their place within ...established T cell paradigms. We find that these T cells, particularly the CD4 lineage, represent a novel phenotype characterized by enhanced, multipotent cytotoxicity. Distinct from described polarities, this T cell phenotype is driven by the T-box transcription factor Eomesodermin. Formation of this phenotype requires 4-1BB signaling on both T and antigen-presenting cells and the resulting production of the cytokines IL-27, IL-15, and IL-10. Furthermore, we find CD4(+) T cells bearing the signature features of this phenotype in the livers of mice infected with both bacterial and viral intracellular pathogens, suggesting a role for these cells in infectious immunity. These T cells constitute a novel phenotype that resolves multiple questions associated with 4-1BB activation, including how 4-1BB enhances tumor-specific cytotoxicity and how 4-1BB can promote tumor immunity while repressing autoimmunity.
To determine the state of the literature on assessing heat-stress using physiological parameters. To provide recommendations to the nuclear industry regarding worker heat-stress management practices.
...A scoping review identified relevant articles. A search strategy was developed based on a research question concepts. Identified records were screened with inclusion-exclusion criteria. Included articles underwent data extraction using a qualitative data charting method. A thematic analysis and frequency counts were performed.
1687 articles were identified through four databases. The final inclusion consisted of 34 studies. Articles were classified by determinants of heat exposure risks: core body temperature (direct and indirect), scoring scale including core body temperature, scoring scale including human perception, and others. Heart rate and rectal temperature were the two most utilized physiological measurements.
A significant amount of literature examined estimation of core temperature using non-invasive methods, sometimes integrated into wearables. Heat-stress management practices could include perceptual measures to better evaluate heat-strain.
•Assessment methods are classified by determinants of heat-exposure risks.•Heart rate and core body temperature are central to heat-stress assessments.•Perception is applicable to monitoring cardiovascular and thermoregulatory strain.•An implementation continuum is proposed for heat-stress management programs.
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