Background: Discrimination during vital
moments, such as the university period, can generate a
high impact on people’s behavior and health. The aim
of this study was to analyze the possible ...association of
discrimination with perceived health and with different
risk behaviors, as well as to describe gender differences
in Spanish university students. Discrimination during
vital moments, such as college, can have a high impact
on people’s behavior and health.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried
out with data from first-year university students from
11 Spanish universities (n=9,862). Discrimination,
perceived health, alcohol consumption, smoking,
consumption of illegal substances, leisure time
connected to the Internet, risky sexual relations,
family function, risk of mental health problems and
risk of eating disorders were assessed. Prevalences
with their 95% confidence intervals were obtained
and for quantitative variables the mean and standard
deviation were calculated. Odds ratios with 95%
confidence intervals were calculated to determine
the relationship between discrimination and the other
variables.
Results: An association was found between
discrimination and fair or poor perceived health (OR:
1.7; p=0.0001), consumption of illegal substances
(OR: 1.3; p=0.002), problematic internet use (OR: 1.3;
p=0.004), family dysfunction (OR: 1.8; p=0.0001),
risk of mental health problems (OR: 1.9; p=0.0001)
and eating disorders (OR: 1.5; p=0.0001). Regarding
gender differences, higher prevalence of discrimination
was observed in men with health status perceived as fair
or worse (OR: 2.2; p=0.0001), family dysfunction (OR:
1.8; p=0.0001), risk of mental health problems (OR:
2.2; p=0.0001) and eating disorders (OR: 1.9; p=0.002).
Women, apart from the previous variables, presented
association of discrimination with consumption of
illegal substances (OR: 1.3; p=0.005) and problematic
internet use (OR: 1.4; p=0.002).
Conclusions: The study findings underline that
there is an association between discrimination and
risk behaviors among Spanish university students.
In turn, discrimination was associated with poor or
fair perceived health, this relationship being similar
in both men and women.
Fundamentos: La discriminación durante los
momentos vitales, como el periodo universitario,
puede generar un alto impacto en la conducta y
en el estado de salud de las personas. El estudio
tuvo como objetivo analizar la posible asociación
de la discriminación con la salud percibida y con
distintas conductas de riesgo, así como describir las
diferencias de género en estudiantes universitarios
españoles.
Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal
con datos de estudiantes universitarios de primera
matrícula de primer curso de 11 universidades
españolas (n=9.862). Se valoró la discriminación,
la salud percibida, el consumo de alcohol, el hábito
tabáquico, el consumo de sustancias ilegales, el
tiempo de ocio conectado a internet, la práctica de
relaciones sexuales de riesgo, la función familiar, el
riesgo de problemas de salud mental y el riesgo de
trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Se obtuvieron
las prevalencias con sus intervalos de confianza al
95% y para las variables cuantitativas la media y
desviación estándar. Se calcularon las Odds Ratio con
los intervalos de confianza al 95% para conocer la
relación entre la discriminación y las otras variables.
Resultados: Se encontró asociación entre la
discriminación y una regular o mala salud percibida
(OR: 1,7; p=0,0001), el consumo de sustancias
ilegales (OR: 1,3; p=0,002), el uso problemático de
internet (OR: 1,3; p=0,004), la disfunción familiar
(OR: 1,8; p=0,0001), el riesgo de problemas de
salud mental (OR: 1,9; p=0,0001) y de trastornos
de la conducta alimentaria (OR: 1,5; p=0,0001). En
cuanto a las diferencias de género, se apreciaron
mayores prevalencias de discriminación en hombres
con estado de salud percibida como regular o peor
(OR: 2,2; p=0,0001), disfunción familiar (OR: 1,8;
p=0,0001), riesgo de problemas de salud mental
(OR: 2,2; p=0,0001) y de trastornos de la conducta
alimentaria (OR: 1,9; p=0,002). Las mujeres, además
de las variables anteriores, mostraron asociación de la
discriminación con el consumo de sustancias ilegales
(OR: 1,3; p=0,005) y el uso problemático de internet
(OR: 1,4; p=0,002).
Conclusiones: Los hallazgos del estudio subrayan
que existe asociación entre la discriminación y las
conductas de riesgo de los estudiantes universitarios
españoles. A su vez, la discriminación se asoció
con una mala o regular salud percibida, siendo esta
relación similar tanto en hombres como en mujeres.
Background: In college students, higher risk alcohol
consumption (drunkenness and binge drinking-BD) has negative
consequences on their development and and probably
facilitates risk sexual behaviors. ...The objective was to study if
risky sexual behaviors when consuming alcohol (RSBA) are
associated with higher risk consumption.
Methods: Cross-sectional multicenter study with
UniHcos Project, 1st year university students from 11 universities
in Spain, academic years 2011-2012 to 2017-2018 data.
This data were collected by self-administered questionnaire.
A uni and bivariate analysis was performed, evaluated the statistical
significance of the differences in prevalence with chisquare.
Mean and standard deviation were used for quantitative
variables and Student’s t test statistic was used.
Results: 9,862 subjects (72.2% women). 90.3% reported
having consumed alcohol and 60.9% had drunk the last year,
49% BD in last month. It was deteded in men, significantly
higher consumption in the last month and drunkenness. Last
month consumption and drunkenness were significantly higher
in men and in <21 years. The RSBA were significantly higher
among who were drunk (15.7% unprotected sex, 1.9% sexual
abuse and 0.7% taking sexual advantage) and had BD (17.1%,
1.9% and 0.7 %). Women with both risk consumptions had
more sexual abuse (2.2%), and men had greater behaviors of
taking sexual advantage of someone (drunk: 1.2%; BD: 1.3%).
Conclusions: Alcohol consumption was above similar
groups. BD consumption was similar by gender and age. Risk
sexual behaviors appear mainly in problematic consumption.
Gender differences are not detected in alcohol consumers in
unprotected sex but deteded in the rest.
Fundamentos: En universitarios, el consumo de alcohol
de mayor riesgo (borracheras y binge drinking (BD), tiene
consecuencias negativas sobre su desarrollo y probablemente
facilita conductas sexuales de riesgo. El objetivo de
este trabajo fue estudiar si las conductas sexuales de riesgo
al consumir alcohol (CSRA) se asocian a los consumos de
mayor riesgo.
Métodos: Estudio multicéntrico transversal con datos
del Proyecto uniHcos, de universitarios de 1er año de 11
universidades españolas, entre los cursos 2011-2012 y 2017-
2018. Datos recogidos mediante cuestionario autoadministrado.
Se realizó un análisis uni y bivariable, evaluando la significación
estadística de las diferencias de prevalencia con
chi-cuadrado. Se utilizó media y desviación típica para variables
cuantitativas y como estadístico de contraste t de Student.
Resultados: 9.862 participantes (72,2% mujeres). El
90,3% consumió alcohol y el 60,9% tuvo borracheras en último
año; el 49% tuvo BD en el último mes. El consumo en
el último mes y las borracheras fueron mayores en hombres
y < 21 años. Las CSRA fueron superiores entre los que se
emborracharon (15,7% sexo sin protección, 1,9% abuso sexual
y 0,7% aprovecharse sexualmente) y consumieron en
BD (17,1%, 1,9% y 0,7%). Las mujeres con ambos consumos
de riesgo presentaron más abusos sexuales (2,2%), y los
hombres fueron quienes más se aprovecharon sexualmente de
otros (borracheras:1,2%; BD: 1,3%).
Conclusiones: El consumo de alcohol está por encima
de grupos similares. El BD tiene un patrón similar por género
y edad. Las CSRA se asocian a los consumos de mayor riesgo,
no detectándose en este grupo diferencias por género en sexo
sin protección, sí en otras CSRA.
We present the results from applying over a period of three and a half years a universal newborn hearing screening programme aimed at the early detection of hearing loss. Our goal has been to ...diagnose and treat all unilateral or bilateral permanent hearing losses > or =40 dB nHL.
The detection strategy consists of two screening phases with transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE) and one diagnostic phase with auditory brainstem responses (ABR). ABR tests were performed on newborns "not passing" the TEOAE screening, as well as those with risk factors for hearing loss.
Of 4568 live newborns (NB), we evaluated 97.6 %. Of these, 3.7 % presented risk factors for hearing loss. The first TEOAE was "passed" in both ears by 91.7 % of the newborns; after the second TEOAE, only 1.3 % of cases were referred to the diagnostic phase. We detected 2.7/1000 cases of severe/profound bilateral hearing loss.
This programme was designed for early application of appropriate treatment. Although it is possible to reach the objectives of screening and diagnosis of newborn hearing loss, the intervention stage is much more complicated. This is because intervention depends on different disciplines that must act in co-ordination, as well as multiple environmental and family factors that are difficult to control. Therapeutic effectiveness still remains our challenge and a motive for discussion in fully justifying early congenital hearing loss screening programmes.
Abstract
Carpal tunnel syndrome is treated very successfully by surgical release of the flexor retinaculum. However, in some patients, all symptoms are not resolved. Weakness in grip strength and ...pain in the thenar and hypothenar areas corresponding to the end of the transverse ligament after its complete section have been described as common complications of classical neurolysis of the median nerve. This study presents here the long-term results of decompression operation of the median nerve at the wrist, conserving the transverse ligament, as well as its comparison with the classical open neurolysis with a complete section of the ligament. This is an analysis of a retrospective cohort of 114 patients, who were operated on for carpal tunnel syndrome. A clinical, electromyographic, and dynamometric evaluation of the patients studied was carried out in a comparative analysis of the surgical techniques used (flexor retinaculum lengthening according to the Simonetta technique and classical open neurolysis of the median nerve), in a period of 10 years after the operation. The ligamentoplasty technique, in the long-term, contributes to better results of manual force, with a smaller resolution of tingling sensations than the neurolysis with complete section of the transverse ligament. For those patients who do not present a severe clinical or electromyographic syndrome, and in addition require manual effort for their daily activities, the technique of ligamentoplasty, according to Simonetta, is a surgical option to be taken into account.
Evaluar la influencia de una intervención formativa en las derivaciones a consultas hospitalarias, su adecuación y motivos de derivación, y analizar diferencias entre medio urbano y rural.
Estudio ...prospectivo de una intervención fundamentalmente de tipo formativo (consultas compartidas y sesiones clínicas) entre Gastroenterología y atención primaria, realizada mensualmente en un centro de salud urbano y otro rural, comparándolos con 2 correspondientes centros control. El periodo de estudio fue de noviembre de 2004 a junio de 2008, con un periodo de referencia de 12 meses y uno de intervención de 30 meses, dividido en 2 subperiodos (1 y 2). Los parámetros (cambios en las derivaciones, y sus motivos y pertinencia) se evaluaron en 1.449 derivaciones realizadas desde atención primaria a las consultas externas de aparato digestivo.
En relación con el periodo de referencia, descendió significativamente el porcentaje de derivaciones en los centros de intervención: 51 y 57% en los subperiodos 1 y 2, respectivamente. Analizando las diferencias entre los centros de intervención y los centros control, el descenso en la proporción de derivaciones fue de aproximadamente un 30% en ambos periodos, que fue solo significativo en el medio rural. No se encontraron cambios significativos en la pertinencia ni en los motivos de las derivaciones.
La intervención resultó en conjunto eficaz en disminuir derivaciones a las consultas hospitalarias de gastroenterología, aunque sugerimos medidas que mejoren su pertinencia.
To assess the influence of a training intervention concerning hospital referrals, their adequacy and reasons for referral, and to analyse differences between urban and rural areas.
Prospective study of a fundamentally formative intervention (shared consultations and clinical sessions) between Gastroenterology and Primary Care, conducted monthly in an urban and a rural primary care centre, comparing them with their corresponding control centres. The research period was November 2004 to June 2008, with a reference period of 12 months and an intervention period of 30 months, divided into two subperiods (1 and 2). Parameters (changes in referrals, their motivation and relevance) were assessed in 1449 referrals carried out from Primary Care to the outpatient consultations of Digestive System.
Compared to the reference period, the referral percentage was significantly lower in the centres with and intervention, 51 and 57% for subperiods 1 and 2 respectively. Analysing differences between the intervention and control centres the decrease in referral proportion was of approximately 30% during both periods; it was only significant in rural areas. There were no significant changes in the relevance or the reasons of the referrals.
The intervention overall proved to be effective in terms of reducing hospital referrals to Gastroenterology, though actions to improve their relevance are suggested.
The systemic effects of physical activity are mediated by the release of IL-6 and other myokines from contracting muscle. Although the release of IL-6 from muscle has been extensively studied, the ...information on the cellular mechanisms is fragmentary and scarce, especially regarding the role of Ca
signals. The aim of this study was to characterize the role of the main components of Ca
signals in human skeletal muscle cells during IL-6 secretion stimulated by the Ca
mobilizing agonist ATP. Primary cultures were prepared from surgical samples, fluorescence microscopy was used to evaluate the Ca
signals and the stimulated release of IL-6 into the medium was determined using ELISA. Intracellular calcium chelator Bapta, low extracellular calcium and the Ca
channels blocker La
reduced the ATP-stimulated, but not the basal secretion. Secretion was inhibited by blockers of L-type (nifedipine, verapamil), T-type (NNC55-0396) and Orai1 (Synta66) Ca
channels and by silencing Orai1 expression. The same effect was achieved with inhibitors of ryanodine receptors (ryanodine, dantrolene) and IP3 receptors (xestospongin C, 2-APB, caffeine). Inhibitors of calmodulin (calmidazolium) and calcineurin (FK506) also decreased secretion. IL-6 transcription in response to ATP was not affected by Bapta or by the T channel blocker. Our results prove that ATP-stimulated IL-6 secretion is mediated at the post-transcriptional level by Ca
signals, including the mobilization of calcium stores, the activation of store-operated Ca
entry, and the subsequent activation of voltage-operated Ca
channels and calmodulin/calcineurin pathways.
The level of meat consumption is one of the main deviations from the Mediterranean diet pattern in Spanish university students. The objective of this cross-sectional descriptive study is to analyze ...the association between sociodemographic factors and the consumption of fresh and processed meat in Spanish university students. This study is part of a cohort of 11 Spanish universities with 9862 university students (UniHcos Project). A descriptive analysis and a chi2 test were carried out to assess differences between personal and sociodemographic variables and meat consumption, and binary logistic regression analysis to assess factors associated with consumption; 19.9% and 73.5% met the recommendations for meat-fresh and meat-processed consumption, respectively. Only 3.8% of students meet the recommendations for both fresh and processed meat. Statistically significant differences were found between sex, BMI, employment, housing, and coexistence regarding compliance with recommendations. Female employed students living in rental accommodations with a partner are more likely to meet the recommendations for fresh meats while male, normal weight, employed students living in rental accommodations with a partner are more likely to meet the recommendations for processed meats. There is a lack of compliance with the recommendations for consumption of fresh meat in Spanish university students, differences in compliance among students of differing regions and an association with sex, employment, housing, and coexistence regarding compliance.
Skeletal muscle releases numerous hormones into circulation that interact with other organs, such as the liver, bone or the brain. These hormones, termed myokines, mediate the effects of physical ...activity in health, aging and disease. Interleukin 6 was the first discovered myokine and is actively investigated due to its participation in inflammation, immunity and metabolism. However, there is little information regarding the mechanisms that induce its release from muscle cells, especially in humans. Our aim was to investigate whether changes in the concentration of calcium ions participate in the stimulated release of interleukin 6 in human muscle cells. Using muscle cultures, we have found that several proteins responsible for the calcium increase during stimulation induce the release of interleukin 6 from the muscle cells. This could help to unveil how interleukin 6 and other myokines are released in pathological conditions such as trauma, infections or cancer. The systemic effects of physical activity are mediated by the release of IL-6 and other myokines from contracting muscle. Although the release of IL-6 from muscle has been extensively studied, the information on the cellular mechanisms is fragmentary and scarce, especially regarding the role of Casup.2+ signals. The aim of this study was to characterize the role of the main components of Casup.2+ signals in human skeletal muscle cells during IL-6 secretion stimulated by the Casup.2+ mobilizing agonist ATP. Primary cultures were prepared from surgical samples, fluorescence microscopy was used to evaluate the Casup.2+ signals and the stimulated release of IL-6 into the medium was determined using ELISA. Intracellular calcium chelator Bapta, low extracellular calcium and the Casup.2+ channels blocker Lasup.3+ reduced the ATP-stimulated, but not the basal secretion. Secretion was inhibited by blockers of L-type (nifedipine, verapamil), T-type (NNC55-0396) and Orai1 (Synta66) Casup.2+ channels and by silencing Orai1 expression. The same effect was achieved with inhibitors of ryanodine receptors (ryanodine, dantrolene) and IP3 receptors (xestospongin C, 2-APB, caffeine). Inhibitors of calmodulin (calmidazolium) and calcineurin (FK506) also decreased secretion. IL-6 transcription in response to ATP was not affected by Bapta or by the T channel blocker. Our results prove that ATP-stimulated IL-6 secretion is mediated at the post-transcriptional level by Casup.2+ signals, including the mobilization of calcium stores, the activation of store-operated Casup.2+ entry, and the subsequent activation of voltage-operated Casup.2+ channels and calmodulin/calcineurin pathways.
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