The pathogenicity of Escherichia coli strains that cause cervico-vaginal infections (CVI) is due to the presence of several virulence genes. The objective of this study was to define the variability ...regarding the genotype of antibiotic resistance, the transcription profiles of virulence genes after in vitro infection of the vaginal cell line A431 and the phylogroup composition of a group of cervico-vaginal E. coli strains (CVEC). A total of 200 E. coli strains isolated from Mexican women with CVI from two medical units of the Mexican Institute of Social Security were analysed. E. coli strains and antibiotic resistance genes were identified using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and phylogroups were identified using multiplex PCR. Virulence gene transcription was measured through reverse-transcriptase real-time PCR after infection of the vaginal cell line A431. The most common antibiotic resistance genes among the CVEC strains were aac(3)II, TEM, dfrA1, sul1, and qnrA. The predominant phylogroup was B2. The genes most frequently transcribed in these strains were fimH, papC, irp2, iroN, kpsMTII, cnf1, and ompT, mainly in CVEC strains isolated from chronic and occasional vaginal infections. The strains showed a large diversity of transcription of the virulence genes phenotype and antibiotic resistance genotype, especially in the strains of phylogroups, B2, A, and D. The strains formed 2 large clusters, which contained several subclusters. The genetic diversity of CVEC strains was high. These strains have a large number of transcription patterns of virulence genes, and one-third of them carry three to seven antibiotic resistance genes.
Multi-drug resistant cervicovaginal Escherichia coli (CVEC) infections are a serious health problem. The aim of this study is to determine the patterns of virulence genes, antibiotic resistance and ...O-serogroups of CVEC isolated in Mexico. Two hundred strains of CVEC were isolated from women attending two Clinics at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. E. coli O-serogroups and virulence markers were identified by PCR. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion method. Serogroups O25 (50%), O75 (9%) and O15 (7.5%) were the most frequent among the CVEC strains isolated. The frequencies for antibiotic resistance were ampicillin 97%, (n = 194); carbenicillin 93.5%, (n = 187); cefalotin 77%, (n = 154); and nitrofurantoin 71%, (n = 142). The frequency of multiresistant isolates (3–12 drugs) was 197 (98.5%). The most frequent virulence genes found were feoB (91.5%), fimH (89.5%), kpsMT11 (75%), iutA (66%), and iroN (59%). One hundred and four distinct patterns of virulence markers with antibiotic-resistance genes associated with O-serogroups were identified amongst CVEC isolates. In conclusion: most CVEC strains isolated were multiresistant to antibiotics, belonged to three O-serogroups, and possessed a battery of virulence factors. This knowledge may lead to improved guidelines and standards for treating cervicovaginal infections.
Periodontal disease is caused by different gram-negative anaerobic bacteria; however,
has also been isolated from periodontitis and its role in periodontitis is less known. This study aimed to ...determine the variability in virulence genotype, antibiotic resistance phenotype, biofilm formation, phylogroups, and serotypes in different emerging periodontal strains of
, isolated from patients with periodontal disease and healthy controls.
, virulence genes, and phylogroups, were identified by PCR, antibiotic susceptibility by the Kirby-Bauer method, biofilm formation was quantified using polystyrene microtiter plates, and serotypes were determined by serotyping. Although
was not detected in the controls (
= 70), it was isolated in 14.7% (100/678) of the patients. Most of the strains (
= 81/100) were multidrug-resistance. The most frequent adhesion genes among the strains were
and
, toxin genes were
and
, iron-acquisition genes were
and
and protectin genes were
and
. Phylogroup B2 and serotype O25:H4 were the most predominant among the strains. These findings suggest that
may be involved in periodontal disease due to its high virulence, multidrug-resistance, and a wide distribution of phylogroups and serotypes.
To evaluate the implementability of the "2008 Mexican Clinical Practice Guideline for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis at the primary level of care" within primary healthcare of three ...Mexican regions using the Guideline Implementability Appraisal methodology version 2 (GLIA.v2).
Six family physicians, representing the South, North, and Central Mexico, and one Mexican physiatrist evaluated the 45 recommendations stated by the Mexican guideline. The GLIA.v2 methodology includes the execution of qualitative and semi-quantitative techniques.
Reviewers' agreement was between moderate to near complete in most cases. Sixty-nine percent of the recommendations were considered difficult to implement within clinical practice. Eight recommendations did not have an appropriate format. Only 6 recommendations were judged as able to be consistently applied to clinical practice. Barriers related to the context of one or more institutions/regions were identified in 25 recommendations. These barriers are related to health providers/patients' beliefs, processes of care within each institution, and availability of some treatments recommended by the guideline.
The guideline presented problems of conciseness and clarity that negatively affect its application within the Mexican primary healthcare context. We identified individual, organizational and system characteristics, which are common to the 3 institutions/regions studied and constitute barriers for implementing the guideline to clinical practice. It is recommended that the 2008-Mexican-CPG-OA be thoroughly revised and restructured to improve the clarity of the actions implied by each recommendation. We propose some strategies to accomplish this and to overcome some of the identified regional/institutional barriers.
To evaluate the implementability of the “2008 Mexican Clinical Practice Guideline for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis at the primary level of care” within primary healthcare of three ...Mexican regions using the Guideline Implementability Appraisal methodology version 2 (GLIA.v2).
Six family physicians, representing the South, North, and Central Mexico, and one Mexican physiatrist evaluated the 45 recommendations stated by the Mexican guideline. The GLIA.v2 methodology includes the execution of qualitative and semi-quantitative techniques.
Reviewers’ agreement was between moderate to near complete in most cases. Sixty-nine percent of the recommendations were considered difficult to implement within clinical practice. Eight recommendations did not have an appropriate format. Only 6 recommendations were judged as able to be consistently applied to clinical practice. Barriers related to the context of one or more institutions/regions were identified in 25 recommendations. These barriers are related to health providers/patients’ beliefs, processes of care within each institution, and availability of some treatments recommended by the guideline.
The guideline presented problems of conciseness and clarity that negatively affect its application within the Mexican primary healthcare context. We identified individual, organizational and system characteristics, which are common to the 3 institutions/regions studied and constitute barriers for implementing the guideline to clinical practice. It is recommended that the 2008-Mexican-CPG-OA be thoroughly revised and restructured to improve the clarity of the actions implied by each recommendation. We propose some strategies to accomplish this and to overcome some of the identified regional/institutional barriers.
Evaluar las barreras de implementación de la guía de práctica clínica para el manejo de osteoartritis de cadera y rodilla en el primer nivel de atención 2008 dentro de la práctica clínica de 3 regiones mexicanas, usando la metodología Guideline Implementability Appraisal version 2 (GLIA v2).
Seis médicos familiares, representantes del sur, norte y centro de México, y un médico rehabilitador mexicano evaluaron las 45 recomendaciones propuestas en la guía de práctica clínica. La metodología GLIA v2 incluye la ejecución de técnicas cualitativas y semicuantitativas.
En su mayoría, el acuerdo entre revisores fue de moderado a casi completo. El 69% de las recomendaciones fueron consideradas como difíciles de implementar en la práctica clínica. Ocho recomendaciones no tienen un formato apropiado. Únicamente 6 recomendaciones pueden ser aplicadas consistentemente en la práctica clínica. En 25 recomendaciones, se detectaron barreras de implementación relacionadas al contexto de una o más de las instituciones/regiones exploradas. Estas barreras se relacionan con las creencias de proveedores de salud y pacientes, procesos de atención en cada institución y disponibilidad de algunos de los tratamientos recomendados en la guía.
La guía contiene recomendaciones poco claras y concisas, lo que afecta negativamente a su aplicación dentro del primer nivel de atención mexicano. Identificamos características individuales, organizacionales y sistemáticas, comunes a las 3 instituciones/organizaciones estudiadas, que significan barreras para implementar la guía en México. Se recomienda que esta guía sea revisada y reestructurada con el fin de mejorar la claridad de sus recomendaciones. Proponemos algunas estrategias para hacer esto y atacar algunas de las barreras identificadas relacionadas dentro de las regiones exploradas.
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