This monograph considers the ramifications of the legal regime that governs transborder capital flows. This regime consists principally of a network of some 3,000 investment treaties, as well as a ...growing body of arbitral decisions. Professor Alvarez contends that the contemporary international investment regime should no longer be described as a species of territorial "empire" imposed by rich capital exporters on capital importers. He examines the evolution of investment treaties and investor-State jurisprudence constante and identifies the connections between these and general trends within public international law, including the increased resort to treaties ("treatification"), growing risks to the law's consistency ("fragmentation"), and the proliferation of forms of international adjudication ("judicialization"). Professor Alvarez also considers whether the regime's efforts to "balance" the needs of non-State investors and sovereigns ought to be characterized as "global administrative law", as a form of "constitutionalization", or as an increasingly human-rights-centred enterprise.
Este artigo propõe uma linguagem conceitual, um aparelho interpretativo e uma nova unidade de análise para repensarmos as dinâmicas e mudanças dos feminismos no Brasil e América Latina. Enquadrando ...os feminismos como campos discursivos de ação, elabora uma revisão narrativa de três momentos na trajetória dos feminismos contemporâneos à luz dessa abordagem analítica: 1) o "centramento" e a configuração do feminismo no singular; 2) o descentramento e pluralização dos feminismos e o "mainstreaming" (fluxos verticais) do gênero; e 3) o momento atual de "sidestreaming" (fluxos horizontais) dos feminismos plurais e a multiplicação de campos feministas.
Proline metabolism as regulatory hub Alvarez, María E.; Savouré, Arnould; Szabados, László
Trends in plant science,
January 2022, 2022-01-00, 20220101, Letnik:
27, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Proline is a multifunctional amino acid that is accumulated in high concentrations in plants under various stress conditions. Proline accumulation is intimately connected to many cellular processes, ...such as osmotic pressure, energy status, nutrient availability, changes in redox balance, and defenses against pathogens. Proline biosynthesis and catabolism is linked to photosynthesis and mitochondrial respiration, respectively. Proline can function as a signal, modulating gene expression and certain metabolic processes. We review important findings on proline metabolism and function of the last decade, giving a more informative picture about the function of this unusual amino acid in maintaining cellular homeostasis, modulating plant development, and promoting stress acclimation.
Several transcription and signaling factors that regulate proline metabolism have recently been identified.Proline metabolism is coordinated with various metabolic pathways in different cellular compartments and integrates redox and energy balance, growth, and defense regulation. Energy status of the cell regulates proline biosynthesis and catabolism via TOR- and SnRK1-dependent signaling. Infection with pathogens induces both proline biosynthesis and catabolism with spatial and temporal differences. Understanding the role of the SnRK1-TOR signaling pathways in the regulation of pathogen-triggered proline catabolism is a new challenge.Recent studies highlighted the role of proline recycling through the P5C-proline cycle, which can also contribute to plant stress tolerance.
La estructura cristalina del compuesto ácido 2-E-((4-hidroxifenil) diazenil) benzóico se resolvió por medio del método de fase intrínseca usando datos de difracción de rayos X de monocristal, ...encontrando que la molécula cristaliza en el sistema cristalino ortorrómbico con grupo espacial Pbca. Dentro de su celda unidad hay cuatro moléculas por unidad asimétrica que son confórmeros moleculares. Estos confórmeros forman hélices beta a lo largo de la dirección 010. A partir de los datos estructurales se realizó el cálculo de superficies de Hirshfeld determinando, a partir de ellas, sus correspondientes diagramas de huellas dactilares bidimensionales, lo que permitió estudiar las interacciones intermoleculares que más contribuyen al empaquetamiento cristalino. Así, se pudo determinar que la principal contribución a la superficie general está dada por los contactos H···H (34,8%), seguida de interacciones O···H/H···O (27%) y C···H/H···C (18,6%). También fueron calculadas las redes energéticas de interacción con un nivel de teoría DFT/B3LYP/6-31G(d,p), permitiendo cuantificar los valores de cada componente que aportan a la energía total, siendo las interacciones de dispersión (-57,5 kJ/mol) las que más contribuyen en la formación del empaquetamiento cristalino para este compuesto.
The Impact of International Organizations on International Law by Jose Alvarez addresses how international organizations, particularly those within the UN system, have changed the forms, contents, ...and effects of international law.
Brazil has the tragic distinction of having endured the longest military- authoritarian regime in South America. Yet the country is distinctive for another reason: in the 1970s and 1980s it witnessed ...the emergence and development of perhaps the largest, most diverse, most radical, and most successful women's movement in contemporary Latin America. This book tells the compelling story of the rise of progressive women's movements amidst the climate of political repression and economic crisis enveloping Brazil in the 1970s, and it devotes particular attention to the gender politics of the final stages of regime transition in the 1980s.Situating Brazil in a comparative theoretical framework, the author analyzes the relationship between nonrevolutionary political change and changes in women's consciousness and mobilization. Her engaging analysis of the potentialities for promoting social justice and transforming relations of inequality for women and men in Latin America and elsewhere in the Third World makes this book essential reading for all students and teachers of Latin American politics, comparative social movements and public policy, and women's studies and feminist political theory.
The responses of states and the WHO to the COVID-19 pandemic reveal the considerable weaknesses of international organizations. Although the Trump administration has misdiagnosed theWHO’s ills, ...theWHOhas indeed failed to meet the public health threat posed by the coronavirus. The WHO’s responses to the current crisis demonstrate that it shares five disorders common to other UN system expert-driven organizations: overdependence on states; singular reliance on “managerial” approaches to enforcement; inflexible emergency declarations; absence of regularized systems for inter-regime collaboration; and common bureaucratic pathologies.
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