•Sources and important examples of phenolic bioactives are discussed in the review.•Crucial role of the response surface methodology in extraction of phenolic bioactives is explained in the ...review.•Green methods for extraction of phenolics are well presented along with optimized values for achieving highest yields.•Mechanism of extraction of green methods are discussed in the review.
Phenolic compounds from plant sources have significant health-promoting properties and are known to be an integral part of folk and herbal medicines. Consumption of phenolics is known to alleviate the risk of various lifestyle diseases including cancer, cardiovascular, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s. In this context, numerous plant crops have been explored and characterized based on phenolic compounds for their use as supplements, nutraceutical, and pharmaceuticals. The present review highlights some important source of bioactive phenolic compounds and novel technologies for their efficient extraction. These techniques include the use of microwave, ultrasound, and supercritical methods. Besides, the review will also highlight the use of response surface methodology (RSM) as a statistical tool for optimizing the recoveries of the phenolic bioactives from plant-based matrices.
The major functional domains (DNA binding domain, DBD and ligand-binding domain, LBD) of the ecdysteroid receptor gene (EcR), of the field crab (Parathelphusa hydrodromous) inhabiting the Indian ...peninsula are being elucidated in this paper. Oligo (dT) primed cDNA synthesis, PCR amplification and multiple sequence alignment (MSA) revealed that PhEcRDBD comprises 189 bp, showing 100% identity in amino acid sequence with those of all the six brachyuran crabs studied to date. PhEcRLBD (654 bp) has shown ~90 - 99% identity with Gecarcinucid/Parathelphusid field crabs; with other brachyurans and non-brachyurans, the identity declined perceptibly (~73 - 90%). Compared to PhEcRDBD, PhEcRLBD is less conserved, apparently due to its multiple functions such as homo/hetero dimerization and transcriptional activation/repression, in addition to ligand binding. MSA could locate non-synonymous substitutions, signifying differences in amino acid content existing among various taxa; this difference, however, does not seem to affect the efficacy of the ligand binding, evidenced by in silico docking studies. Interestingly, in addition to providing us with basic information on ecdysteroid receptors, the present MSA and phylogenetic analysis implicate the existence of parallelism between LBD sequence diversity and the habitat of the animal in question, in the order of – Gecarcinucid/Parathelphusid (field) crabs, non-Gecarcinucid/Parathelphusid (estuarine/marine crabs), non-brachyurans and non-crustacean arthropods, respectively.
Aim: To study the soil bacterial population inhabiting the High Background Radiation Area (HBRA) of Chavara-Neendakara placer deposits, Kerala, India. Methodology: The study was performed by ...culture-dependant methods involving isolation and characterization of microbes through plate culturing and sequencing the 16S rDNA primed PCR amplicons. Results: Histochemical observations and molecular taxonomic studies through BLAST search, multiple sequence alignment of the sequences and SeaView phylogenetic analyses, resulted in identification of 35 bacterial species belonging to 22 genera. Shannon-Simpson diversity-predominance indices, revealed an over-riding presence of Firmicutes (~60%) in the HBRA soil. Interpretation: The results reveal for the first time, the composition, structure and dynamics of the bacterial population inhabiting an HBRA. Key words: Chavara-Neendakara placer deposit, Firmicutes, Gini-Simpson Index, High background radiation area, Shannon index
Microencapsulation is being used to deliver everything from improved nutrition to unique consumer sensory experiences. It's rapidly becoming one of the most important opportunities for expanding ...brand potential. Microencapsulation in the Food Industry: A Practical Implementation Guide is written for those who see the potential benefit of using microencapsulation but need practical insight into using the technology. With coverage of the process technologies, materials, testing, regulatory and even economic insights, this book presents the key considerations for putting microencapsulation to work. Application examples as well as online access to published and issued patents provide information on freedom to operate, building an intellectual property portfolio, and leveraging ability into potential in licensing patents to create produce pipeline. This book bridges the gap between fundamental research and application by combining the knowledge of new and novel processing techniques, materials and selection, regulatory concerns, testing and evaluation of materials, and application-specific uses of microencapsulation. * Practical applications based on the authors' more than 50 years combined industry experience * Focuses on application, rather than theory * Includes the latest in processes and methodologies * Provides multiple "starting point" options to jump-start encapsulation use
The aim of this study was to determine the elemental and nutritive values of leaf parts of 10 selected wild medicinal plants, Acer pictum, Acer caecium, Betula utilis, Oxalis corniculata, Euphorbia ...pilosa, Heracleum lanatum, Urtica dioica, Berberis lycium, Berberis asiaticaand, and Quercus ilex, collected from the high hills of the Chitkul range in district Kinnaur, Western Himalaya. The nutritional characteristics of medicinal plant species were analyzed by using muffle furnace and micro-Kjeldahl methods, and the mineral content in plants was analyzed through atomic absorption spectrometry. The highest percentage of used value was reported in Betula utilis (0.42) and the lowest in Quercus ilex (0.17). In this study, it was found that new generations are not much interested in traditional knowledge of ethnomedicinal plants due to modernization in society. Therefore, there is an urgent need to document ethnomedicinal plants along with their phytochemical and minerals analysis in study sites. It was found that rural people in western Himalaya are dependent on wild medicinal plants, and certain steps must be taken to conserve these plants from extinction in the cold desert of Himalayan region. They are an alternative source of medicine because they contain saponin, alkaloid, and flavonoid etc. as well as minerals. The leaves used for analysis possesses good mineral content, such as Na, N, K, P, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Ca, Mg, and S. Hence, in the current study it was observed that medicinal plants are not only used for therapeutic purposes, but they can also be used as nutritional supplements.
Present work depicts the progress of cadmium oxide (CdO)‐polyaniline composites synthesized by chemical oxidative technique. The composites with change in CdO composition are subjected to structural, ...electrical, dielectric, and morphology using X‐ray diffraction, AC conductivity, and scanning electron microscopy. The thermogravimetric analysis carried out to study the thermal stability, which shows that the composite with highest CdO concentration displays better stability. The electrical conductivity of the modified polyaniline tends to change with change in the frequency indicating hopping of charge carriers as a dominant mechanism. The variation of dielectric constant of all modified polyaniline with respect to the frequency is analyzed at room temperature. The dielectric constant is found to increase with the decrease in CdO concentration and is found to highest for composite with 2% CdO.
Inhibition of PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9)-low density lipoprotein receptor interaction with injectable monoclonal antibodies or small interfering RNA lowers plasma low ...density lipoprotein-cholesterol, but despite nearly 2 decades of effort, an oral inhibitor of PCSK9 is not available. Macrocyclic peptides represent a novel approach to target proteins traditionally considered intractable to small-molecule drug design.
Novel mRNA display screening technology was used to identify lead chemical matter, which was then optimized by applying structure-based drug design enabled by novel synthetic chemistry to identify macrocyclic peptide (MK-0616) with exquisite potency and selectivity for PCSK9. Following completion of nonclinical safety studies, MK-0616 was administered to healthy adult participants in a single rising-dose Phase 1 clinical trial designed to evaluate its safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. In a multiple-dose trial in participants taking statins, MK-0616 was administered once daily for 14 days to characterize the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics (low density lipoprotein cholesterol).
MK-0616 displayed high affinity (
= 5pM) for PCSK9 in vitro and sufficient safety and oral bioavailability preclinically to enable advancement into the clinic. In Phase 1 clinical studies in healthy adults, single oral doses of MK-0616 were associated with >93% geometric mean reduction (95% CI, 84-103) of free, unbound plasma PCSK9; in participants on statin therapy, multiple-oral-dose regimens provided a maximum 61% geometric mean reduction (95% CI, 43-85) in low density lipoprotein cholesterol from baseline after 14 days of once-daily dosing of 20 mg MK-0616.
This work validates the use of mRNA display technology for identification of novel oral therapeutic agents, exemplified by the identification of an oral PCSK9 inhibitor, which has the potential to be a highly effective cholesterol lowering therapy for patients in need.
•Crystallographic analysis of Z-3-(4-bromophenyl)-3-chloroacrylaldehyde using SXRD•Compound is optically active in yellowish-orange region•Intermolecular interaction in the crystal is found from ...Hirshfeld Surface analysis•DFT calculations on HOMO-LUMO plots were carried out using B3LYP theory•The compound has excellent antibacterial activity and MIC value is calculated
The present paper describes the single-crystal X-ray structure of Z-3-(4-bromophenyl)-3-chloroacrylaldehyde (BCA). Hirshfeld Surface analysis was performed, providing insight into intermolecular interactions for the first time. The compound crystalizes in the monoclinic system with a space group P21/c and unit cell dimensions of a =3.9327(4) Å, b=18.5517(19), c=12.2749(14) and V=894.77(16)Å3. Z-3-(4-bromophenyl)-3-chloroacrylaldehyde was characterized using 13C and 1H NMR spectroscopy, and its thermal stability assessed with a thermogravimetric analyzer. Optical properties were investigated through UV-Visible absorption and emission spectroscopy. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were performed using B3LYP theory with a basis set of SDD. HOMO-LUMO calculations, conceptual DFT and its global reactivity descriptors like hardness, electronegativity and electrophilicity of molecule were studied using G16W software. The energy gap of 4.17eV obtained from HOMO-LUMO molecular orbital energy shows that the compound is hard, stable and reactive. Further, Z-3-(4-bromophenyl)-3-chloroacrylaldehyde also exhibited significant antibacterial activity against both Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) with a zone of inhibition of 13 ± 1 mm against E. coli and 14 ± 1 mm against S. aureus and the MIC value was found to be 0.55 mg/mL against S. aureus and 1.1 mg/mL against E. coli. The integration of experimental and theoretical approaches in this study enhances the understanding of the versatile applications of BCA across various fields.
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•(Z)-2-(3-chloro-3-(4-chlorophenyl)allylidene)malononitrile was synthesised through Knoevenagel condensation reaction.•The structure was confirmed using SC-XRD, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and FTIR ...spectroscopy.•The compound was crystallised in triclinic system having space group P-1.•The emission spectrum proves the compound is an excellent blue emitter.•Investigation of the third-order nonlinear susceptibility highlighted the potential of the compound for NLO applications.
Conjugated organic single crystals play a pivotal role as donor-acceptor molecules, showcasing nonlinear optical properties due to their unique molecular structure. In the present study, a novel functionalised allylidene malononitrile derivative, (Z)-2-(3-chloro-3-(4-chlorophenyl)allylidene)malononitrile, was synthesised and subjected to various spectroscopic and structural analyses for its optical and structural characterisation. This compound serves as an essential building block in developing photonic and optoelectronic materials. We synthesised the compound through a Vilsmeier-Haack reaction followed by a Knoevenagel condensation reaction and crystallised it using a slow evaporation method. In addition to SCXRD, the structural analysis of the compound was performed using NMR (1H, 13C), mass spectroscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy. The Intermolecular interactions were studied using Hirshfeld surfaces. The optical properties were analysed using UV–visible and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The third-order nonlinearity of the grown crystal was estimated using the NLO coefficients via the widely recognised femtosecond Z-scan technique, equipped with Ti:sapphire-based laser oscillator using laser pulses of 90 fs and a wavelength of 500 nm at various incident powers. It was observed that with increasing laser power, the nonlinear absorption coefficient of the sample also increased. These findings, combined with the calculation of the nonlinear refractive index, conclusively establish the potential of (Z)-2-(3-chloro-3-(4-chlorophenyl)allylidene)malononitrile for optoelectronic applications.
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The effective capturing of carbon dioxide using regenerable high capacity sorbents is a prerequisite for industrial applications aiming at CO2 capture and sequestration. The removal of CO2 directly ...from chemical reaction environments at high temperature is a less energy intensive method of its separation with the added benefit of improved efficiency in equilibrium limited reactions. However, the separation of CO2 at the typical reaction temperatures of 573-1073 K is a challenging task due to the non-availability of absorbents with kinetics comparable to reaction rates. Moreover their poor durability due to sintering and particle growth on prolonged use at high temperature is also an impediment to their practical application. Herein, we demonstrate the development of an efficient CO2 absorbent material, made of Li4SiO4 nanorods, with ultrafast sorption kinetics as well as remarkable durability. These nanorods enabled easier surface reaction with CO2 due to shorter diffusion pathways for lithium from the bulk to the surface of the rods permitting extremely fast absorption of CO2. Furthermore, the compositional tuning of the materials helped to realize absorbents with extraordinary CO2 absorption rates of 0.72 wt% s-1 at 100% CO2/923 K. The exceptional performance of these absorbents at lower temperatures (573-823 K) as well as lower CO2 pressures (0.15 atm) demonstrates their potential in practical CO2 separation applications.
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