Why do some governing parties limit their opportunistic behaviour and constrain the extraction of private gains from the state? This analysis of post-communist state reconstruction provides ...surprising answers to this fundamental question of party politics. Across the post-communist democracies, governing parties have opportunistically reconstructed the state - simultaneously exploiting it by extracting state resources and building new institutions that further such extraction. They enfeebled or delayed formal state institutions of monitoring and oversight, established new discretionary structures of state administration, and extracted enormous informal profits from the privatization of the communist economy. By examining how post-communist political parties rebuilt the state in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia, Grzymala-Busse explains how even opportunistic political parties will limit their corrupt behaviour and abuse of state resources when faced with strong political competition.
Nations under God Grzymała-Busse, Anna M
2015, 2015., 20150427, 2015-04-27
eBook
In some religious countries, churches have drafted constitutions, restricted abortion, and controlled education. In others, church influence on public policy is far weaker. Why?Nations under ...Godargues that where religious and national identities have historically fused, churches gain enormous moral authority-and covert institutional access. These powerful churches then shape policy in backrooms and secret meetings instead of through open democratic channels such as political parties or the ballot box.
Through an in-depth historical analysis of six Christian democracies that share similar religious profiles yet differ in their policy outcomes-Ireland and Italy, Poland and Croatia, and the United States and Canada-Anna Grzymała-Busse examines how churches influenced education, abortion, divorce, stem cell research, and same-sex marriage. She argues that churches gain the greatest political advantage when they appear to be above politics. Because institutional access is covert, they retain their moral authority and their reputation as defenders of the national interest and the common good.
Nations under Godshows how powerful church officials in Ireland, Canada, and Poland have directly written legislation, vetoed policies, and vetted high-ranking officials. It demonstrates that religiosity itself is not enough for churches to influence politics-churches in Italy and Croatia, for example, are not as influential as we might think-and that churches allied to political parties, such as in the United States, have less influence than their notoriety suggests.
This is the first volume to offer an in-depth look at (lethal) violence in the Balkans. The Balkans Homicide Study analyses 3,000 (attempted) homicide cases from Croatia, Hungary, Kosovo, Macedonia, ...Romania and Slovenia. Shedding light on a region long neglected in terms of empirical violence research, the study at hand asks: - What types of homicides occur in the Balkans? - Who are the perpetrators and what motivates them? - Who are the victims and what potential protective factors are on their side? - Why do prosecutors dismiss homicide investigations? Amongst other questions and considerations, this brief discusses regional commonalities throughout the Balkans in view of their cultural,historical and normative context. Dismantling negative stereotypes of a growing and thriving Balkan society, this volume will be of interest to researchers in the Balkans, researchers of post-conflict regions, and those interested in the nature of homicide and its motivation, prevention, and various criminal justice approaches.
Meat consumption is increasingly being seen as unsustainable. However, plant-based meat alternatives (PBMA) are not widely accepted yet. PBMA aim to imitate the experience of eating meat by mimicking ...animal meat in its sensory characteristics such as taste, texture, or aesthetic appearance. This narrative review explores the motivational barriers to adopting PBMA while focusing on food neophobia, social norms and rituals, as well as conflicting eating goals that prevent consumers from switching to a plant-based diet. Based on the key characteristics of these motivational barriers, which are informed by research findings in consumer psychology and marketing, solutions are discussed that can help counter the barriers.
The trait composition and trait diversity of plant communities are globally applicable predictors of ecosystem functioning. Yet, it is unclear how plant traits influence carbon cycling. This is an ...important question in the tundra where vegetation shifts are occurring across the entire biome, and where soil organic carbon stocks are large and vulnerable to environmental change.
To study how plant traits affect carbon cycling in the tundra, we built a model that explained carbon cycling (above‐ground and soil organic carbon stocks, and photosynthetic and respiratory fluxes) with abiotic conditions (air temperature and soil moisture), and the averages and within‐community variabilities of three above‐ground traits: plant height, leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and SLA. These functional parameters were represented by abundance‐weighted means and standard deviations of species traits. The data were collected from an observational study setting from northern Finland.
The explanatory power of the models was relatively high, but a large part of variation in soil organic carbon stocks remained unexplained. Average plant height was the strongest predictor of all carbon cycling variables except soil carbon stocks. Communities of larger plants were associated with larger CO2 fluxes and above‐ground carbon stocks. Communities with fast leaf economics (i.e. high SLA and low LDMC) had higher photosynthesis, ecosystem respiration and soil organic carbon stocks.
Within‐community variability in plant height, SLA and LDMC affected ecosystem functions differently. Variability in SLA and LDMC increased CO2 fluxes and soil organic carbon stocks, while variability in height increased the above‐ground carbon stock. The contributions of within‐community trait variability metrics to ecosystem functioning within the study area were about as important as those of average SLA and LDMC.
Synthesis. Plant height, SLA and LDMC have clear effects on tundra carbon cycling. The importance of within‐community trait variability highlights a potentially important mechanism controlling the vast tundra carbon pools that should be better recognized. More research on root traits and decomposer communities is needed to understand the below‐ground mechanisms regulating carbon cycling in the tundra.
Yhteenveto
Kasviyhteisöjen toiminnallista koostumusta ja toiminnallista monimuotoisutta voidaan käyttää ennustamaan ekosysteemien toimintaa. Ei kuitenkaan tiedetä tarkasti, miten kasvien toiminnalliset ominaisuudet vaikuttavat hiilenkiertoon. Tarkempi tieto kasvien toiminnallisten ominaisuuksien ja hiilenkierron välisestä yhteydestä voisi auttaa ennustamaan meneillään olevan tundran kasvillisuusmuutoksen seurauksia. Tämä on tärkeää, sillä tundran maaperään on sitoutunut suuri hiilivarasto, joka on herkkä ympäristömuutoksille.
Mallinsimme hiilenkiertoa (maanpäällistä hiilivarastoa, maaperän orgaanista hiilivarastoa, yhteyttämistä ja ekosysteemin hengitystä) abioottisten muuttujien (ilmanlämpötilan ja maaperän kosteuden) ja kasviyhteisön toiminnallisten ominaisuuksien keskiarvojen ja keskihajontojen funktiona. Käytimme kolmea toiminnallista ominaisuutta yhteisöjen toiminnallisten mittarien laskemiseen: kasvien korkeutta, lehtien massaspesifistä pinta‐alaa (SLA) ja lehtien kuiva‐ainepitoisuutta (LDMC). Yhteisöjen ominaisuuskeskiarvot ja ‐keskihajonnat laskettiin painottamalla kunkin lajin ominaisuutta sen runsaudella. Aineisto kerättiin Kilpisjärven paljakalta.
Mallien selityskyky oli suhteellisen korkea, mutta suuri osa maaperän orgaanisen hiilen varastosta jäi selittämättä. Kasvillisuuden keskikorkeus oli kaikkien hiilenkiertomuuttujien paitsi maaperän orgaanisen hiilen varastojen vahvin selittäjä. Korkeampi kasvillisuus näytti johtavan suurempiin hiilidioksidivoihin ja suurempiin maanpäällisiin hiilivarastoihin. Yhteisöissä, joissa lajeilla oli ‘nopeat’ lehtiominaisuudet (korkea SLA ja matala LDMC) oli korkeat hiilidioksidivuot ja maaperän orgaanisen hiilen varastot.
Yhteisöjen sisäinen ominaisuushajonta vaikutti ekosystemitoimintoihin eri tavalla riipuen siitä, oliko kyse kasvien korkeuden vai lehtien ominaisuuksien hajonnasta. Yhteisönsisäinen vaihtelu SLA:ssa ja LDMC:ssä kasvatti hiilidioksidivoita ja maaperän hiilivarastoa, kun taas vaihtelevuus kasvien korkeudessa kasvatti maanpäällistä hiilivarastoa. Kasviyhteisöjen toiminnallisten ominaisuuksien keskihajonta selitti tutkimusalueen ekosysteemitoimintojen vaihtelusta suunnilleen yhtä suuren osan kuin yhteisöjen lehtiominaisuuksien keskiarvot.
Synteesi. Kasvien korkeudella, SLA:lla ja LDMC:llä on selvä merkitys tundran hiilenkierrolle. Toiminnallisten ominaisuuksien keskiarvojen lisäksi myös yhteisöjen sisäinen ominaisuusvaihtelu on tärkeä tundran hiilenkiertoa säätelevä tekijä. Kasviyhteisöjen juuristojen ominaisuudet ja hajottajayhteisöjen toiminta ovat tärkeitä jatkotutkimuskohteita maaperän hiilen kierron tarkemman ymmärtämisen kannalta.
Average plant height, average leaf traits, and the within‐community variabilities of height and leaf traits affect CO2 fluxes and carbon stocks in tundra plant communities. The importance of within‐community trait variability highlights a potentially important mechanism controlling the vast tundra carbon pools that should be better recognized.
In this paper, I empirically investigate the determinants of migration inflows into 14 OECD countries by country of origin between 1980 and 1995. I analyze the effect on migration of average income ...and income dispersion in destination and origin countries. I also examine the impact of geographical, cultural, and demographic factors as well as the role played by changes in destination countries' migration policies. My analysis both delivers estimates consistent with the predictions of the international migration model and generates empirical puzzles.
Mitochondria are negatively affected by ageing leading to their inability to adapt to higher levels of oxidative stress and this ultimately contributes to the systemic loss of muscle mass and ...function termed sarcopenia. Since mitochondria are central mediators of muscle health, they have become highly sought‐after targets of physiological and pharmacological interventions. Exercise is the only known strategy to combat sarcopenia and this is largely mediated through improvements in mitochondrial plasticity. More recently a critical role for mitochondrial turnover in preserving muscle has been postulated. Specifically, cellular pathways responsible for the regulation of mitochondrial turnover including biogenesis, dynamics and autophagy may become dysregulated during ageing resulting in the reduced clearance and accumulation of damaged organelles within the cell. When mitochondrial quality is compromised and homeostasis is not re‐established, myonuclear cell death is activated and muscle atrophy ensues. In contrast, acute and chronic exercise attenuates these deficits, restoring mitochondrial turnover and promoting a healthier mitochondrial pool that leads to the preservation of muscle. Additionally, the magnitude of these exercise‐induced mitochondrial adaptations is currently debated with several studies reporting a lower adaptability of old muscle relative to young, but the processes responsible for this diminished training response are unclear. Based on these observations, understanding the molecular details of how advancing age and exercise influence mitochondria in older muscle will provide invaluable insight into the development of exercise protocols that will maximize beneficial adaptations in the elderly. This information will also be imperative for future research exploring pharmacological targets of mitochondrial plasticity.
Mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) during normal respiration, but when these free radicals accumulate, this leads to progressive damage to mitochondrial constituents including DNA, proteins and lipids. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations impair the synthesis of electron transport chain subunits and reduce oxidative phosphorylation. These changes cause mitochondrial dysfunction that affects a number of pathways vital for maintaining mitochondrial turnover and integrity such as biogenesis, dynamics (fusion and fission), autophagy–lysosomal degradation, and programmed cell death (apoptosis). Additionally, mitochondrial dysfunction through a vicious cycle causes further increases in ROS and oxidative damage, ultimately leading to a decline in muscle mass and strength, reduced physical function, and ageing.
Aims
To identify current best evidence on the types of interventions that have been developed to improve job satisfaction among nurses and on the effectiveness of these interventions.
Design
The ...systematic review is a quantitative systematic review and meta‐analysis following a profile‐likelihood random‐effects model.
Data Sources
CINAHL, Medic, and Pubmed (Medline).
Review Methods
PICOS eligibility criteria were used to select original studies published between 2003–2019. The articles were screened by title (N = 489), (N = 61), and full‐text (N = 47). A total of 20 articles remained after the full‐text screening process and further assess on risk of bias. The screening process was conducted by two authors independently and finally agreed together. A meta‐analysis was performed to determine how the identified interventions influence nurses' job satisfaction.
Results
The interventions were primarily educational and consisted of workshops, educational sessions, lessons, and training sessions. The postintervention differences between intervention and control groups in meta‐analysis revealed that two interventions significantly improved nurses' job satisfaction. Notably, the spiritual intelligence training protocol and Professional Identity Development Program were found to be effective in improving job satisfaction.
Conclusion
Healthcare organizations and managers should consider implementing effective interventions to improve nurses' job satisfaction and reduce turnover. The results reported in this study highlight that nurse managers should focus on organizational strategies that will foster the intrinsic motivation of employees.
Impact
The current nursing shortage and increased turnover intentions are proving to be a global problem. For this reason, it is imperative that nurse managers plan strategies to improve nurses´ job satisfaction. The effective interventions detected in this study are a first step for developing human resource strategies for healthcare organizations. These findings propose that extrinsic factors (e.g., salary and rewards) will never be as effective in maintaining job satisfaction as intrinsic factors (e.g., spiritual intelligence, professional identity, and awareness).
目的
识别提高护士工作满意度的介入治疗类型及其有效性的现有最佳证据。
设计
系统综述指的是遵循子集似然随机效应模型的定量系统综述与荟萃分析。
数据来源
CINAHL护理学数据库、Medic国际医疗器械展览会和Pubmed文献服务检索系统(Medline联机医学文献分析和检索系统)。
审查方法
采用PICOS合格标准用于甄选2003年至2019年期间发表的原创研究。按照标题(N=489)、摘要(N=61)和全文(N=47)对文章进行筛选。在完成全文筛选后,留下20篇文章,进一步评估偏倚风险。由两位作者独立进行筛选过程,并最终达成一致。并且还要进行荟萃分析,以探讨所确定的介入治疗对护士工作满意度的影响。
结果
介入治疗以教育为主,包括讲习班、教育班、上课和培训班。通过荟萃分析,从干预后介入治疗组与对照组的差异可以看出,两种介入治疗显著提高了护士的工作满意度。值得注意的是,灵性智力训练方案和职业认同发展计划能够行之有效地提高工作满意度。
结论
医疗机构和管理者应考虑实施有效的介入治疗,以提高护士的工作满意度,减少离职率。本研究报告的结果强调,护士部门的管理人员应当侧重能够培养护士内在动机的组织策略。
影响
当下医护人员的短缺和离职意愿的攀升被证明是一个全球普遍化的问题。为此,护士部门的管理人员制定提高护士工作满意度的策略势在必行。本研究中发现的有效介入治疗是制定医疗机构人力资源战略的第一步。这些发现表明,在维持护士的工作满意度方面,外在因素(如工资和报酬)永远不及内在因素(如灵性智力、职业认同和认识)来得有效。
For a series of FeIV=O complexes with tetra‐ and pentadentate bispidine ligands, the correlation of their redox potentials with reactivity, involving a variety of substrates for alkane hydroxylation ...(HAT), alkene epoxidation, and phosphine and thioether oxidation (OAT) are reported. The redox potentials span approximately 350 mV and the reaction rates over 8 orders of magnitude. From the experimental data and in comparison with published studies it emerges that electron transfer and the driving force are of major importance, and this is also supported by the DFT‐based computational analysis. The striking difference of reactivity of two isomeric systems with pentadentate bispidines is found to be due to a destabilization of the S=1 ground state of one of the ferryl isomers, and this is supported by the experimentally determined redox potentials and published stability constants with a series of first‐row transition metal ions with these two isomeric ligands.
FeIV=O complexes with tetra‐ and pentadentate bispidine ligands were studied regarding the correlation of redox potentials with reactivity for substrates in alkane hydroxylation, alkene epoxidation, and thioether oxygenation. The redox potentials span about 350 mV and reaction rates over 8 orders of magnitude. The reactivity difference of two isomeric pentadentate bispidine systems is due to destabilization of the S=1 ground state of one of the ferryl isomers.
Global change has made it important to understand the factors that shape species’ distributions. Central to this area of research is the question of whether species’ range limits primarily reflect ...the distribution of suitable habitat (i.e. niche limits) or arise as a result of dispersal limitation. Over‐the‐edge transplant experiments and ecological niche models are commonly used to address this question, yet few studies have taken advantage of a combined approach for inferring the causes of range limits. Here, we synthesise results from existing transplant experiments with new information on the predicted suitability of sites based on niche models. We found that individual performance and habitat suitability independently decline beyond range limits across multiple species. Furthermore, inferences from transplant experiments and niche models were generally concordant within species, with 31 out of 40 cases fully supporting the hypothesis that range limits are niche limits. These results suggest that range limits are often niche limits and that the factors constraining species’ ranges operate at scales detectable by both transplant experiments and niche models. In light of these findings, we outline an integrative framework for addressing the causes of range limits in individual species.
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