Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum sublineolum is a major constraint that limits the production and productivity of sorghum in Ethiopia as well as in other countries. This study was carried ...out at Arba Minch and Derashe districts during the 2018 cropping season, March to August. The objective of the study was to identify the host resistance for anthracnose management and estimate the genetic variability in terms of resistance to anthracnose, growth, and yield potentials of sorghum. The treatments used in the study were 14 sorghum genotypes and laid in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results from this study showed that Arghiti, Dekeba, and 76TI#23 were found resistant, while Kolamulato-W, Konso-R, Gambella, and Seredo were highly susceptible to anthracnose. The lowest (0.25 t ha-1) grain yield was recorded from all landraces, whereas the highest (3.22 t ha-1) grain yield was obtained from the genotype Melkam. The high phenotypic and genotypic variances were figured out for the study parameters, while the environmental variance was lower than the genotypic and phenotypic variances. Low to high genotypic (21.40 to 57.94%) and phenotypic (22.66 to 95.21%) coefficients of variations were computed for the study parameters. The high heritability of 59.30 to 99.63% and the genetic advance in percent means of 20.21 to 63.10% were calculated for the study parameters. The disease parameters, like disease severity and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) (rg = 0.725), showed a strong and positive association of genotypic coefficients correlations. Also, strong and negative genotypic coefficients of correlations were observed between the disease and traits studied, like AUDPC and grain yield (rg = -0.561). The dendrogram of the sorghum genotypes using the Unweighted Pair-Group Method with Arithmetic means analysis and Euclidean distances separated the genotypes into three clusters. The result from this study revealed that the sorghum genotypes noticeably varied in resistance to anthracnose as well as growth and yield potential. Therefore, sorghum producers could beneficially produce resistant, moderately resistant, and high-yielding genotypes with minimum integrated management efforts against the anthracnose. Moreover, the genetic variability and the high heritability together with, and the high genetic gain of the characters, suggest the potential of bettering the genotype for disease resistance and high yield potential through selection.
The study was conducted at Chencha in Southern Ethiopia during the 2018 and 2019 main cropping years to determine the effects of planting dates and potato genotypes on late blight epidemics and ...yields related traits; as well as identify optimum planting date and potato genotypes which show low levels of late blight severity with high tuber yields under a natural epiphytotic environment. The treatments composed of four potato genotypes (Belete, Gudenie, Jalenie, and local check) and three planting dates (on 10th June, 10th July, and 20th August). The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with four replications. Planting dates were assigned as the main factor, while the potato genotypes were represented as a sub-plot factor. Average late blight severities of 29.19, 35.82, and 44.70% were recorded on plants with a planting date of 20th August, 10th July, and 10th June, respectively. Foliar late blight severities of 27.31, 32.45, 38.58, and 47.95% were recorded on Belete, Gudanie, Jalenie, and local cultivar, respectively. Similarly, the relative area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) of 20.28, 24.93, and 29.31%-days were recorded on planting dates of 20th August, 10th July, and 10th June, respectively. The highest (19.37%-days) and lowest (31.32%-days) values of AUDPC were recorded from the genotypes Belete and local cultivar, respectively. Results also showed that the highest single tuber weight (87.20 g) and total tuber yield (13.40 t ha-1) were obtained from the genotype Gudenie. Regarding planting dates, the highest single tuber weight (88.91 g) was recorded from the genotypes planted on 10th June. Whereas the highest total tuber yield (15.77 t ha-1) was obtained from the genotypes planted on 20th August, which was not statistically different from the other planting dates. Overall, considering disease development, tuber yield potential, and effectiveness in disease reduction, planting of Gudenie on 20th August was relatively effective for potato late blight management as compared to other genotypes and planting dates. Therefore, this could be suggested for the study area and similar agro-ecological conditions to enhance sustainable potato production.
New corneal cross-linking (CXL) devices are capable of using higher UV-A light irradiances than used in original CXL protocols. The Bunsen-Roscoe law states that a photochemical reaction should stay ...constant if the delivered total energy is kept constant; however, little clinical data are available to support this hypothesis.
We investigated the biomechanical properties of four groups (n = 50 each) of porcine corneas. Three groups were exposed to riboflavin 0.1 % and UV-A irradiation of equal total energy (3 mW/cm(2) for 30 minutes, 9 mW/cm(2) for 10 minutes, and 18 mW/cm(2) for 5 minutes). Controls were exposed to riboflavin 0.1% without irradiation. Young's modulus of 5-mm wide corneal strips was used as an indicator of corneal stiffness.
We observed a decreased stiffening effect with increasing UV-A intensity. Young's modulus at 10% strain showed significant differences between 3 mW/cm(2) and 9 mW/cm(2) (P = 0.002), 3 mW/cm(2) and 18 mW/cm(2) (P = 0.0002), 3 mW/cm(2) and the control group (P < 0.0001), and 9 mW/cm(2) and the control group (P = 0.015). There was no difference between 18 mW/cm(2) and the control group (P = 0.064) and between 9 mW/cm(2) and 18 mW/cm(2) (P = 0.503).
The biomechanical effect of CXL decreased significantly when using high irradiance/short irradiation time settings. Intrastromal oxygen diffusion capacity and increased oxygen consumption associated with higher irradiances may be a limiting factor leading to reduced treatment efficiency. Our results regarding the efficiency of high-irradiance collagen cross-linking (CXL) raise concerns about the clinical efficiency of the new high-irradiance CXL devices already used in clinical practice without proper validation.
Purpose
This article proposes a simple model that describes the quantitative relationship between visual acuity and defocus (as in defocus curves) in the presence of higher-order aberrations (HOA).
...Methods
The basis model for describing the relationship between visual acuity and blur was taken from Blendowske as a starting point to develop an extended model applicable to defocus curves. The basis of Blendowskes’s data is extended by incorporating effects induced by HOA. Aberrometric refractive errors are transformed into a single blur quantity b, also termed dioptric distance, which serves as an input in both models. The possible influence of the axes of asymmetric aberrations and the pupil size is not included.
Results
The extended model has been used to generate reference data for a bi-aspheric multifocal correction profile for presbyopia. It provides reference data similar to what has been reported in the literature for that particular profile.
Conclusions
The model proposed in this article can be used to determine depth-of-focus effects associated with the presence of HOA. The extended model seems to provide a valid description for defocus curves. Actual uncertainties in experimental data on unaided visual acuity, especially the frequent lack of information on pupil diameter, prevent meaningful numerical comparison and the refinement of both models. However, theoretical arguments are provided in support of the extended model.
To evaluate moderate to high astigmatism corrections on the outcomes of SmartSight lenticule extraction for myopic astigmatism with a new femtosecond laser system.
Two hundred ninety-two eyes ...consecutively treated for myopic astigmatism with astigmatism magnitude greater than 1.00 diopter (D) were evaluated at the 6-month follow-up visit. The mean age of the patients was 29 ± 6 years with a mean spherical equivalent of -5.06 ± 2.20 diopters (D) and a mean magnitude of refractive astigmatism of 1.74 ± 0.61 D.
At 6 months, astigmatism was 0.10 ± 0.20 D. Uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuities (UDVA and CDVA, respectively) were both 0.0 ± 0.1 logMAR. Differences between postoperative UDVA and preoperative CDVA and the change in CDVA were both +0.4 ± 0.7 lines better than preoperatively (
< .0003).
Lenticule extraction treatment using Smart-Sight is safe and efficacious at 6 months. Findings suggest that moderate to high astigmatism improves after SmartSight lenticule extraction in the treatment of myopic astigmatism.
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Paternal postpartum depression is a serious public health problem which has a significant effect on mortality and morbidity level. Its effect is not limited to the partner, but it also affects the ...family, the marital relationship and development of the child. Therefore, this study was planned to assess the prevalence and predictors of paternal postpartum depression among accompanying partners in selected public health centers of Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia.
An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 423 male partners. The study was conducted in 25 randomly selected health centers and samples proportionally allocated to each health center. Finally, the study participants were selected by systematic random sampling method. The collected data were entered into EpiData version 4.2.0 and exported to IBM SPSS for further analysis. The Edinburgh postnatal depression scale was considered at a cutoff point ≥10 to detect depression. Descriptive and binary logistic regression analyses were done. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and
-value results in multivariable logistic regression were used to declare strength and presence of association.
Four hundred and ten partners participated in this study making a response rate of 97%. Seventy (17%) of the participants had paternal postpartum depression. Family income (AOR=3.0; 95%CI: 1.1-8.2), substance use (AOR=4.5; 95%CI: 1.5-13.3), family support (AOR=3.9; 95%CI: 1.3-11.3), marital relation (AOR=4.1; 95%CI: 1.5-11.0), unplanned pregnancy (AOR=3.5; 95%CI: 1.4-8.7) and infant sleeping problems (AOR=10.0; 95%CI: 4.1-24.0) were variables significantly associated with paternal postnatal depression.
Impact of low energy asymmetric spacings vs. high energy symmetric spacings on the immediate/early (postoperative day 1 (POD1)) outcomes of SmartSight lenticule extraction for myopic astigmatism with ...a new femtosecond laser system.
The first 112 eyes of 56 patients consecutively treated using low energy asymmetric spacings (Group A; Study group) were compared at POD1 to the last 112 eyes of 56 patients consecutively treated using high energy symmetric spacings (Group S; Controls). Mean age of the patients was 28 ± 5 years with a mean spherical equivalent of -4.41 ± 1.76 diopters (D) and a mean magnitude of refractive astigmatism of 0.89 ± 0.82 D.
Laser Energy was -25 ± 1nJ lower for asymmetric treatments (p < .0001); Spot and Track distances were + 0.7 ± 0.1 µm larger and -0.8 ± 0.1 µm tighter for asymmetric treatments, respectively (p < .0001 for both). At POD1, astigmatism was -0.08 ± 0.02D lower for asymmetric treatments (p < .0003); uncorrected and corrected visual acuities (UDVA and CDVA, respectively) were -0.03 ± 0.01logMAR better for asymmetric treatments (p < .0007); differences between postop UDVA and preop CDVA along with change in CDVA were + 0.3 ± 0.1lines better for asymmetric treatments (p < .0003).
Lenticule extraction treatment using SmartSight is safe and efficacious already at POD1. Findings suggest that low energy asymmetric spacings may further improve the immediate and short-term outcomes of SmartSight lenticule extraction in the treatment of myopic astigmatism compared to conventional settings (high energy symmetric spacings).
BackgroundDrowning is a leading cause of injury-related mortality globally. Unintentional drowning (International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 10 codes W65-74 and ICD9 E910) is one of the 30 ...mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive causes of injury-related mortality in the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. This study’s objective is to describe unintentional drowning using GBD estimates from 1990 to 2017.MethodsUnintentional drowning from GBD 2017 was estimated for cause-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs), age, sex, country, region, Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile, and trends from 1990 to 2017. GBD 2017 used standard GBD methods for estimating mortality from drowning.ResultsGlobally, unintentional drowning mortality decreased by 44.5% between 1990 and 2017, from 531 956 (uncertainty interval (UI): 484 107 to 572 854) to 295 210 (284 493 to 306 187) deaths. Global age-standardised mortality rates decreased 57.4%, from 9.3 (8.5 to 10.0) in 1990 to 4.0 (3.8 to 4.1) per 100 000 per annum in 2017. Unintentional drowning-associated mortality was generally higher in children, males and in low-SDI to middle-SDI countries. China, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh accounted for 51.2% of all drowning deaths in 2017. Oceania was the region with the highest rate of age-standardised YLLs in 2017, with 45 434 (40 850 to 50 539) YLLs per 100 000 across both sexes.ConclusionsThere has been a decline in global drowning rates. This study shows that the decline was not consistent across countries. The results reinforce the need for continued and improved policy, prevention and research efforts, with a focus on low- and middle-income countries.
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