Over the last decade, Egypt's aquaculture sector has expanded rapidly, which has contributed substantially to per capita fish supply, and the growth of domestic fish markets and employment across the ...aquaculture value chain. Despite the growing importance of aquaculture sector in Egyptian labour force, only a few studies have explored the livelihoods of Egypt's women and men fish retailers. Even fewer studies have examined gender-based market constraints experienced by these informal fish retailers. This study uses sex-disaggregated data collected in 2013 in three governorates of Lower Egypt to examine the economic and social constraints to scale of enterprises between women (n = 162) and men informal fish retailers (n = 183). Specifically, we employ linear regression method to determine the correlates of enterprise performance. We found that both women and men retailers in the informal fish market earn low profits and face livelihood insecurities. However, women's enterprise performance is significantly lower than that of men even after controlling for individual socio-economic and retailing characteristics. Specifically, the burden of unpaid household work and lack of support therein impedes women's ability to generate higher revenues. These findings strengthen the argument for investing in understanding how gender norms and attitudes affect livelihood options and outcomes. This leads to recommendations on gender-responsive interventions that engage with both men and women and enhance the bargaining power and collective voice of fish retailers.
Based on time-use data from a 2013 primary household survey, this study examines the nature and extent of time-poverty experienced by men and women in peasant households in Mozambique. The main ...findings indicate that while women's labor allocation to economic activities is comparable to that of men, household chores and care work are almost entirely women's responsibility. The heavy burden of responsibilities leave women significantly time-poorer compared to men. Women's time-poverty worsens when the burden of simultaneous care work is taken into account. In addition, due to multitasking, the work tends to be more taxing. The examination of determinants of time-poverty shows that common measures of individual economic power, such as assets and education, do not necessarily affect the time-poverty faced by women.
The ambit of Copyright law has expanded over time, leading to development of newer concepts such as, 'Personality Rights'. These rights are vested in individuals who have acquired an 'identifiable ...persona' in the eyes of the public. There are two important facets to personality rights- Right to Publicity &Right to Privacy. When such identifiable identities use their acquired celebrity status to promote goods and services of a company to attract more consumers, it can be understood as 'Celebrity Endorsements'. This is the most common source of marketing used by major companies to increase sales and garner goodwill and reputation. However, this source of communicating necessary information to the public becomes dangerous when celebrities promote false or misleading advertisements. To counter such issues, the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 introduced provisions to hold celebrities endorsing such products or services to be liable for injury suffered by consumers. The Law mandates that in order to ensure that such misleading advertisements aren't promoted, the celebrities must conduct 'due diligence' of the products before endorsing them. However, the question remains that to what extent can celebrities, who are not directly involved in production or manufacturing, be held liable for exploiting their personality rights? This paper aims at addressing the newly created legal interlink between personality rights via celebrity endorsements and protection of consumer interests.
•Analysis of employment across 10 occupations in 27 industries in Latin America show high level of gender segregation.•From 1990 to 2018, women’s share of good jobs has increased, yet gender gap in ...access to good jobs remains substantial.•Public social spending is positively and significantly correlated with women’s access to good jobs relative to men’s.•Industrial upgrading benefits only men.•There is a non-linear relationship between technological advances in industrial sector and the quality of women’s employment.
Latin America has seen vast improvements in gender educational and health equality. Favorable supply-side conditions, however, have not translated into greater gender economic equality, a process that also depends on structural economic change and global macroeconomic conditions. In this paper, we assess the role of a variety of macro-level policies and structures in influencing trends in women’s access to high-quality jobs for a sample of 15 countries in Latin America over the period 1990–2018. Using micro-level data, we first evaluate women’s relative share of good jobs, defined in terms of women’s weekly earnings in an industry or occupation relative to the national median wage. Further, we econometrically estimate the association between a variety of macro-level variables and the relative quality of women’s jobs. Results indicate that the most significant and robust positive correlate of women’s relative access to good jobs is public social spending as a share of GDP. Other important macro-covariates include measures of labor market regulation, monetary and fiscal policy, and macroeconomic structure and global orientation, including financial openness. The results suggest that macro-level structures and policies related to globalization that hamper the achievement of greater gender equality can be offset by appropriately targeted government policies.
We model intrahousehold dynamics in two rural provinces of Mozambique through the lens of computable general equilibrium (CGE) methods. The main features of our modeling framework are as follows: (a) ...a household social accounting matrix that captures allocation of labor and resources, and transfers among household members; (b) the explicit use of social norms in labor allocation across gender; (c) a mechanism that links agricultural production to time poverty; (d) identification of leisure as a commodity that is being produced. Simulation results and sensitivity analyses show how social norms interact with the allocation of labor and resources at the household level to impact farm production or limit the gains from technological improvements.
In this article, the Cu/MoS2/NiMnIn memory structure was fabricated over stainless steel substrate for flexible electronics applications. The bipolar resistive switching characteristics were observed ...in two different fabricated devices (i) without sulfur vacancies (D1) and (ii) with sulfur vacancies (D2) in MoS2 thin film. Three different resistance states such as the high resistance state (HRS), intermediate resistance state (IRS) and low resistance state (LRS) have been detected for the D2 memory device. It could be ascribed to the two filamentary models based on the movement of sulfur vacancies and the formation of Cu metallic filament with applied bias voltage. Moreover, the Ohmic and modified space charge limited conduction mechanisms clearly explain the current conduction in different resistance states of device D2. The fabricated MoS2 thin film-based memory structure exhibits stable resistive switching behavior with a high OFF/ON ratio of ∼3.6 × 103, good consistency of ∼3600 endurance cycles and excellent data retention capability up to 3000 s. Moreover, the remote tuning of device D2 was thoroughly investigated and an appreciable change in SET voltage was detected with external temperature and magnetic field. Additionally, the external magnetic field altered the switching states and enhanced the multi-bit data storage capability of the memory device. This can be ascribed to the effect of the Lorentz force on ionic movement in the presence of the external magnetic field. The mechanical flexibility of the memory structure was tested for 1000 bending cycles at various bending angles in both the tensile and compressive bending modes. Hence, the present study opens up new ways for the futuristic flexible device for high data storage and neuromorphic computing applications.
Using insights from a case study on the allocation of labor in subsistence households in Mozambique, this study develops a conceptual framework for examining linkages between time poverty and farm ...production. An unexpected event such as a health crisis increases the demand for labor provided by women, thus making them more time poor. The model and numerical simulations show that a deterioration in a woman's time constraint will have an adverse effect on agricultural output of the household. This occurs because most women respond to an increase in household work by reducing their work hours on the farm and by reducing their leisure time. The latter outcome is expected to have a negative effect on women's physical and mental health, which will then cause a decline in their productivity on the farm.
Ever-evolving advances in flexible magnetoelectric (ME) devices are propitious for technical innovations in touchless human–machine interaction, wearable sensors, artificial intelligence, and ...next-generation memory devices. In this study, a cost-effective and flexible ME heterostructure comprising thin films of 0.67Pb (Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.33PbTiO3 (PMN–PT) and ferromagnetic shape memory alloy (Ni–Mn–In, FSMA) has been fabricated over flexible stainless steel substrate. The ME coupling characteristics of the flexible PMN–PT/FSMA multiferroic heterostructure have been explored for magnetic sensor and nonvolatile memory applications. The influence of phase fraction, anisotropy, and poling on ME coefficients has been thoroughly studied to obtain the optimum ME coupling. A notable ME coupling coefficient of ∼4.1 V cm–1 Oe– 1 at 250 Oe of HDC has been obtained in electrically poled PMN–PT/FSMA/SS multiferroic heterostructure, making it promising for room-temperature low-field magnetic sensors. The flexible heterostructure possesses noteworthy device sensing parameters, i.e., correlation coefficient ∼0.99945, sensitivity ∼0.72 mV/Oe, inaccuracy ∼1.34% FSO, and hysteresis ∼1.72% FSO. The electric field-controlled switching of ME coefficient observed in PMN–PT/FSMA heterostructure is beneficial for high-density nonvolatile memory devices. The flexible ME heterostructure displays an excellent mechanical endurance of up to 2000 bending cycles. The remarkable response of such flexible ME heterostructures at room temperature makes them promising for flexible magnetic field sensors, nonvolatile memory, spintronics, and multifunctional device applications.
Nowadays, flexible magnetoelectric (ME) heterostructures comprising lead-free piezoelectrics are of considerable interest for commercializing wearable electronic devices such as energy harvesters, ...nonvolatile memory, implantable medical diagnostics, and sensors. Here, we fabricate a highly flexible, cost-effective, nanostructured magnetic field sensor comprising an AlN/Ni–Mn–In ME heterostructure over Ni foils. The functionality of the AlN/Ni–Mn–In/Ni heterostructure has been investigated by measuring the magnetodielectric MD (%) and magnetoelectric coupling (αME) coefficient with Ni–Mn–In thickness, anisotropy, and flexibility. The thickness ratio of piezoelectric AlN (∼400 nm) and magnetostrictive Ni–Mn–In (∼385 nm) layers has been optimized to achieve the high performance of the magnetic sensor. The encapsulation of the Ni–Mn–In layer drastically enhances the performance of the fabricated heterostructure. The highest MD ∼ 2.95% and αME ∼ 3.2 V/cm·Oe have been recorded with an equal thickness ratio of AlN and Ni–Mn–In layers. It could be ascribed to the large magnetostrictive strain transferred to the AlN piezoelectric layer, which enhances the induced ME voltage. Moreover, the nonzero value of αME at zero bias magnetic field has been observed and related to the piezomagnetic coefficient (q) grading in the Ni–Mn–In(+q)/Ni(−q) ferromagnetic system, which enhances the strength of magnetoelectric coupling. The fabricated device has easily detected the ultralow magnetic field of up to or less than ∼1 μT. In addition, the anisotropic functionality of the device has been explained by measuring the magnetodielectric and magnetoelectric characteristics in parallel and perpendicular dc bias fields. The MD and ME characteristics remain stable up to 2500 bending cycles. Hence, the present lead-free ME heterostructure integrated over a flexible Ni foil can enhance the multifunctionality of futuristic flexible magnetic field sensors for room-temperature applications.
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