The human factor is a hot topic for the maritime industry since more than 80 percent of maritime accidents are due to human error. Minimizing human error contributions in maritime transportation is ...vital to enhance safety levels. At this point, the maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS) concept has become one of the most significant aspects to minimize human errors. The objective of this research is to predict the human–machine interface (HMI)-based operational errors in autonomous ships to improve safety control levels. At this point, the interaction between shore-based operator and controlling system (cockpits) can be monitored and potential HMI operational errors can be predicted. This research utilizes a Success Likelihood Index Method (SLIM) under an interval type-2 fuzzy sets (IT2FSs) approach. While the SLIM provides a prediction of the human–machine interface (HMI) operational errors, the IT2FSs tackles uncertainty and vagueness in the decision-making process. The findings of this paper are expected to highlight the importance of human–machine interface (HMI) operational errors in autonomous ships not only for designers but also for operational aspects.
Ships are exposed to static risks that stem from the nature of the operation as well as human, machine, and environmental factors and have a complex and multi-layered system that also contains ...dynamic risks. For this reason, maritime studies to reduce and prevent risks in ship operations continue by safety researchers. The present study proposes a quantitative maritime safety analysis based on Fuzzy Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) methodology to evaluate potential risks that may occur during ship operations. To demonstrate the practical application of the proposed approach, failure modes are determined in ship berthing/unberthing operations and prioritized according to risk values. According to the results, the failure modes which have higher risk rates are identified as Fatigue/Individual error, Very strong wind, Excessive heat, Low tide, Increase/decrease in ship speed. Finally, appropriate corrective or preventive actions are recommended to control failure modes that affect the safety of the ship and to reduce or eliminate the effects of these failures with a proactive approach. This paper theoretically contributes for marine safety inspectors, safety researchers, and HSEQ managers to identify potential hazards, effects, and consequences in case of berthing/unberthing operations.
•A quantified risk-based analysis is performed to enhance safety in berthing/unberthing operations.•The rule-based fuzzy FMEA method is performed to conduct a risk analysis.•125 if-then rules are created by marine experts specifically for this study.•FM2.5 with an 8.168 FRPN has been identified as the riskiest failure mode.•124 corrective and preventive actions are recommended to change 25 failure modes.
Risk analysis is of paramount importance in maritime transportation due to the particularly hazardous nature of the work. While the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has circulated Formal ...Safety Assessment (FSA) for the assessment of on-board risk, it has not introduced a specific tool for risk analysis, and a more proactive approach to the assessment of risk is consequently sought by maritime safety researchers. This paper aims to demonstrate how the fuzzy bow-tie method of analysis might be deployed to quantitatively analyse risk. Focussing on the specific context of ship to ship (STS) cargo operations enables specific insights into the method to be gained. The findings of the research can be utilised by maritime safety professionals (STS superintends, mooring masters, tanker safety inspectors, company fleet managers, and tanker shipowners) in order to mitigate potential risks and enhance marine safety during the STS operation.
•“Application of fuzzy bow-tie risk analysing method to maritime transportation: The case of ship collision during STS operation.”.•The FTA and ETA method is integrated under fuzzy sets environment for risk analysis.•A quantitative risk analysing is perform to minimize potential risk of collision during STS operation.•Practical contributions for maritime safety professionals to minimize risk and enhance operational safety.
•Human reliability analysis for the gas freeing process on chemical tanker ships.•Human error assessment and reduction technique (HEART) based on modified Dempster–Shafer (D-S) evidence ...theory.•Improving safety and human reliability on chemical tanker ships.
Human reliability assessment is vital for most critical shipboard operations such as cargo loading, discharging, purging, gas freeing, etc. on chemical tanker ships since the nature of these processes poses significant threats. There are few human reliability studies particularly applied to shipboard operations in the maritime industry. To remedy this gap, the paper assesses human reliability systematically during the gas freeing process on a chemical tanker ship. To achieve this purpose, an extended HEART d-S (Dempster–Shafer) evidence theory approach is utilised. Although HEART (Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique) presents a practical human reliability assessment tool, it heavily relies on the judgment of a single rater during APOE (assess proportion of effect). The paper adopts d-S evidence theory to remedy the aforementioned gap since it fuses raters’ opinions. The first novelty of the proposed hybrid method is the use of customized task analysis for shipboard applications within a second-generation HEART d-S evidence method in the maritime industry. Besides its theoretical background, the paper provides practical contributions to maritime safety professionals, chemical tanker ship owners, and safety inspectors to enhance their operational safety and to minimize the probability of human error during the gas freeing process on board chemical tanker ships.
•A novel approach to root cause analysis of ship accidents is proposed.•A taxonomy enabling a standardization in the expression of root causes is developed.•This has been a vanguard study in which ...Fuzzy SWOT AHP was applied in ship accident root cause evaluation.•This research will be a model to build current ship accident research and investigation reports into a standardized format.•By integrating a decision-support system, root causes of accidents could be quantitatively examined.
Constituting the key backbone of global trade, maritime transport essentially entails in itself a number of hazards both during the navigation and during the time spent on the port due to the different structure of work environment. This complex structure of ship operations makes the occurrence of ship accidents inevitable, which might in effect critically damage the environment, the human life and the commodity. To prevent the occurrence of such results or to minimize their impacts, it matters greatly to investigate hazardous incidents having occurred for the aim of taking appropriate measures. The key reason in investigating ship accidents is to comprehend the root causes that lead to accidents and to apply the required arrangements via detecting applicable risk- minimizing strategies. Because of the unique quality of ship operations, application of current methods in root analysis may not be sufficient in some cases. In this study a root cause analysis technique SHARE (SHip Accident Root cause Evaluation) exclusive to ship accidents has been developed to assist in a global scale all related departments of maritime companies to envisage lead causes of accidents and to implement appropriate corrective actions. In this particular technique in which it is feasible to obtain numeric data, to identify stakeholders responsible in implementing corrective actions and to forge risk-minimizing strategies, a standard terminology exclusive for ship accidents has been used. Being developed on the basis of Fuzzy SWOT AHP Method, this unique technique has been validated upon applying onto an actual case of a ship accident.
Risk analysis is regarded as one of the most critical research topics in maritime industry due to the nature of work. Validation of risk analysis is a significant challenge for safety researchers. ...This paper aims to address the gap by utilising the power of Bayesian Network method under fuzzy logic environment. While Bayesian Network provides a compact representation of a joint probability distribution, fuzzy logic tackles with vagueness and ambiguity in PRA (Probabilistic Risk Assessment). The validation and sensitivity analyses are performed under various conditions to improve the accuracy of findings. Three different axioms are tested to validate the results. The proposed method is applied for the risk modelling of ship collision in narrow waters. Besides its theoretical background, the paper is expected to help safety researchers validate their results. The maritime safety professionals (safety inspectors, DPAs, superintendents and ship owners) can also benefit from the paper to identify and minimise the potential risks for ship collision in narrow waters.
•Validation of risk analysis for ship collision in narrow waters by using Fuzzy Bayesian networks approach.•The validation and sensitivity analyses are performed under various conditions to improve the accuracy of findings.•The fuzzy BN method is applied for the risk modelling of ship collision in narrow waters.•Enhance safety awareness about collision risks in narrow waters.
The current industrial environment relies heavily on maritime transportation. Despite the continuous technological advances for the development of innovative safety software and hardware systems, ...there is a consistent gap in the scientific literature regarding the objective evaluation of the performance of maritime operators. The human factor is profoundly affected by changes in human performance or psychological state. The difficulty lies in the fact that the technology, tools, and protocols for investigating human performance are not fully mature or suitable for experimental investigation. The present research aims to integrate these two concepts by (i) objectively characterizing the psychological state of mariners, i.e., mental workload, stress, and attention, through their electroencephalographic (EEG) signal analysis, and (ii) validating an innovative safety framework countermeasure, defined as Human Risk-Informed Design (HURID), through the aforementioned neurophysiological approach. The proposed study involved 26 mariners within a high-fidelity bridge simulator while encountering collision risk in congested waters with and without the HURID. Subjective, behavioral, and neurophysiological data, i.e., EEG, were collected throughout the experimental activities. The results showed that the participants experienced a statistically significant higher mental workload and stress while performing the maritime activities without the HURID, while their attention level was statistically lower compared to the condition in which they performed the experiments with the HURID (all p < 0.05). Therefore, the presented study confirmed the effectiveness of the HURID during maritime operations in critical scenarios and led the way to extend the neurophysiological evaluation of the HFs of maritime operators during the performance of critical and/or standard shipboard tasks.
The operating environment of merchant ships is dynamic and complex. Particularly, their engine rooms and bridges have complex structures that contain various equipment. In addition, there is the ...human factor that manages all this complex structure. The systems on-board ships involve interactions between crew, hardware, and software (man-machine interfaces). As a consequence of the growing complexity of socio-technical systems, traditional accident analysis methods are getting inadequate to analyse the complex systems. The conventional analyses are focused on the chain of events and they have limited ability to overcome non-linear interactions among dynamic and complex system components in maritime transportation. The aim of this paper is to apply a Systems Theoretic Accident Model and Process (STAMP) model for the analysis of a ship allision accident occurring in narrow waters. This is to create a wider view of the accidents rather than a simple chain of events. With the help of detailed STAMP analysis, the dynamic nature of the system, errors in the entire structure, including the human, machine, and software interactions can be analysed. The model also identifies violations of safety constraints at all levels of the control structure, even though the accident involved a complex and dynamic process. The results demonstrate that complex system accidents are not a simple cause-effect chain of events, on the contrary, they are system-based, dynamic, and complex situations. Consequently, the paper tried to reveal all the causes of the Vitaspirit Allison, rather than just one component.
•The operating environment of merchant ships is dynamic and complex.•Interactions between human, hardware, and software components play an important role in accidents.•Despite its systematic and dynamic analysis capability, the STAMP has not been applied in the maritime field properly.•A real-time case study of the M/V Vitaspirit accident analysed with the help of the STAMP.•Despite STAMP is a qualitative analysis, dynamic structure actions, its codes, and description were added to the study.
Risk analysis is of paramount importance in maritime transportation due to the nature of work. The IMO (International Maritime Organization) adopted FSA (Formal Safety Assessment) as guidance to ...address risk analysis on-board ship. However, it does not suggest a specific approach on how to assess the risks. Therefore, safety researchers are seeking robust risk analysis approaches in maritime transportation. This paper performs comprehensive risk analysis by using bow-tie method within a fuzzy logic environment. While the bow-tie method is analysing potential causes and consequences of failures, the fuzzy logic deals with vagueness and imprecision of expert judgements. The case of cargo liquefaction on-board ship is selected as a case study since the consequences of cargo liquefaction are extremely dangerous for crew, ship and environment. Besides its theoretical insight, the paper supports maritime professionals to enhance safety awareness about the cargo liquefaction phenomenon.
Risk assessment has always been a serious concern in maritime transportation since shipping activities can pose potential harm to human life, commodity and maritime environment. Maritime safety ...researchers, in this context, are trying to enhance risk mitigation measures. This paper attempts to provide an insight into a process of accident development related to risks in ship mooring operation which presents a great challenge for ship's crew. A Fuzzy Fault Tree Analysis (FFTA) is adopted to perform systematic risk analysing on the case of ship mooring operation. The FFTA is capable of tackling limitations of conventional Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) where handling the uncertainties is possible with fuzz logic theory. A real maritime accident is analysed considering potential risks: the case of M/T Zarga which occurred during berthing manoeuvring to LNG (Liquefied Neutral Gas) terminal. The ship crew was seriously injured on his head during accident. To this end a risk model is developed and some risk control options are proposed. Besides handling data shortage in maritime risk assessment, this paper provides practical contributions to maritime professionals in course of risk mitigation and accident prevention.
•The FTA method is adopted under fuzzy environment to conduct risk analysis.•A comprehensive risk analyzing to enhance maritime safety in operational aspects.•Practical contributions to risk analysis for ship owners and terminal managers are provided.
