A Harmonic Control Circuit (HCC) is one of the most important blocks in the Class-F power amplifiers, which should pass the even harmonics and suppress the odd harmonics. Long open stubs are usually ...used to suppress odd harmonics in the conventional Class-F power amplifiers, which resulted in the large size of the amplifiers. In this work, two ClassF F are designed, a simple amplifier with traditional HCC and proposed PA with a proposed HCC. The proposed HCC suppresses third, fifth and seventh harmonics and easily pass second, fourth and sixth harmonics. In the proposed amplifier with proposed HCC, the design parameters are improved compared to the simple Class-F with traditional HCC. The power added efficiency (PAE), drain efficiency (DE) and gain parameters are increased from 76%, 79% and 19.4 dB to 79.2%, 82.2% and 21.2 dB, respectively. The proposed PA is fabricated, measured and results show that the proposed PA correctly works at 0.9 GHz with 0.12 GHz bandwidth.
In this paper, a lowpass filter is designed using half elliptical resonators with a wide stopband. New formulas are presented to achieve a circuit model for the half elliptical resonators used in ...this work. Additionally, the transfer function and transmission zero equations are used to adjust the frequency of the transmission zeros of the filter. The cut-off frequency of the lowpass filter is 1.26 GHz with a sufficiently large stopband, extending from 1.48 GHz to 20 GHz. The proposed filter’s figure of merit is 62,520, demonstrating its outperformance compared to the state of the art. The filter is implemented on a RT-5880 substrate with a constant dielectric of 2.2, thickness of 31 mil and loss tangent of 0.0009. The LPF was fabricated and tested, showing good agreement between the simulated and measured results.
A novel scheme of a shrunken Wilkinson power divider with harmonic suppression, using two identical resonators in the conventional Wilkinson power divider is designed. Moreover, the LC equivalent ...circuit and its relevant formulas are provided. To substantiate the functionality and soundness of design, a microstrip implementation of this design operating at 1 GHz with the second to eighth harmonic suppression, is developed. The proposed circuit is relatively smaller than the conventional circuit, (roughly 55% of the conventional circuit). Simulation and measurement results for the proposed scheme, which are highly consistent with one another, indicate a good insertion loss about 3.1 dB, input return loss of 20 dB and isolation of 20 dB, while sustaining high-power handling capability over the Wilkinson power divider.
•The Simvastatin loaded niosomes with high stability were prepared.•The developed niosomes were highly biocompatible with healthy cells.•The Simvastatin loaded niosomes has more antibacterial effect ...compared with free Simvastatin.•The Simvastatin loaded niosomes incorporated in chitosan gel has more antibacterial effect compared with Simvastatin loaded niosomes.
Niosomes, as a kind of drug delivery system, is widely used for the topical delivery of lipophilic drugs. Optimization of niosomes plays an essential role in enhancing their therapeutic efficiencies. This study aims to prepare an optimized niosomal formulation of simvastatin (nSIM), a lipophilic member of statins, through the experiment (Response Surface methodology). Optimized niosomes were characterized in size, polydispersity index (PDI), entrapment efficiency (EE), stability, releasing pattern, and antimicrobial activity. The different molar ratio of surfactant and cholesterol were applied to prepare various formulation of simvastatin loaded niosome. Mean particle size and size distribution were analyzed by dynamic light scattering. Antibacterial activity was determined by MIC and MBC tests against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The release rate of simvastatin from noisome nanoparticles was studied by the Franz diffusion cell method. The release pattern was studied through zero order, first order, Higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppas, and Hixson-Crowell kinetics models. Optimized niosomes were obtained by span 80, drug to cholesterol ratio of 0.4 with 7 min sonication time. Mean particle size, PDI, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency (EE%) of optimized nSIM were obtained about 168 nm, 0.34, -32.40, and 96 %, respectively. The niosomes significantly decreased the drug's releasing rate and enhanced antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. Coli. It was found that the release pattern of drug followed the Higuchi kinetic model which means drug release is by diffusion. Overall, our findings indicated that the prepared simvastatin loaded niosomes showed good stability and biological properties than free drug. Our study suggests that niosomal formulation could be considered as a promising strategy for the delivery of poor water-soluble drugs that enhance antibacterial activity.
Male flower induction and androgenesis in three genotypes of cucumber (Cucumis sativus), two Beth alpha F1 hybrids (BT1 and BT2, gynoecious) and Dastgerdi (DTG, monoecious), were evaluated. Induction ...of male flowers in gynoecious cucumber cultivars was assessed by single and combinatorial spraying of AgNO
3
(3 mM), GA
3
(1.5 mM) and CoCl
2
(3 mM) after the first true leaf emergence. After 6 weeks from the beginning of treatments, the average numbers of male flowers induced by spraying AgNO
3
, GA
3
, and CoCl
2
were 42, 14.5, and 0, respectively. Androgenesis was performed in two gynoecious cultivars, in which the donor plants were treated with AgNO
3
(3 mM) or GA
3
(1.5 mM) and the DTG cultivar without treatment. Among the three cultivars, the DTG showed the highest percentage of embryogenic calli formation (62.2%) and number of embryos per anther (1.81). In the gynoecious cultivars, the percentage of embryogenic calli formation (27.1%) and number of embryos per anther (0.23) in the anthers of GA
3
treated plants were significantly higher than those treated by AgNO
3
. Cytological and SSR marker analysis of regenerants showed that 16 plants were spontaneous doubled haploid, 2 plants were diploid and one plant was tetraploid.
This paper presents an experimental approach to measure and model the residence time distribution of vertical roller mill in cement clinker grinding circuit. The dispersion model, tank-in-series ...model, and a perfect mixer with a bypass model were employed to describe the residence time distribution. A perfect mixer with a bypass model was found to a tolerable fitting to describe the RTD of solids in VRM. The result shows 43% of the fine fraction of fresh feed as an existing bypass without spending adequate time within the VRM. The result also shows that the grinding occurs in 54% of the table surface and about 46% of the table surface can be called the dead zone.
With some chronic illnesses, such as cancer, dignity can be damaged. Twenty consenting and volunteering males and females were chosen to take part in a study on dignity in Iranian cancer patients. ...Semi-structured interviews were conducted using directed content analysis based on Chochinov's study on dignity. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. The findings of the interviews were coded as open and axial and a constant comparison technique was used. The results showed four main components associated with Iranian patients' dignity, including 1 - illness-related concerns, 2 - patients' God-image, 3 - Social Dignity Inventory, 4 - family, and financial-related issues. Although similar findings in Chochinov's research have been identified, the results of this study suggest that cross-cultural differences require a culturally sensitive approach to Chochinov's dignity model for the Iranian community.
One of the most important environmental problems in Iran is the destruction and drying of Urmia Lake (UL). UL is one of the main causes of suitable weather for agricultural boom and tourist ...attraction and it should be considered that the villagers exposed to UL drying have a strong dependence on vulnerable resources such as water, air, soil and plants for their livelihoods and have low adaptive capacity with this crisis for reasons such as poverty, lack of awareness and lack of infrastructure. This study was designed to evaluate the vulnerability of rural households to UL drying in the Shabestar region. The vulnerability was calculated based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) definition and using vulnerability index (VI). Research population included rural households of Shabestar region (N = 19,249) and about 347 households were selected as the research sample using multistage cluster sampling technique. Results showed that the average score of respondents was 0.455 (moderate) in exposure, 0.359 (moderate to low) in sensitivity, 0.404 (moderate to low) in adaptive capacity and finally, the vulnerability index (VI) was 0.470 (range of 0 to 1). 12.8% of households had low, 70.5% had medium and 16.7% had high vulnerability towards UL drying.
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