The efficiency of different digital and conventional soil mapping approaches to produce categorical maps of soil types is determined by cost, sample size, accuracy and the selected taxonomic level. ...The efficiency of digital and conventional soil mapping approaches was examined in the semi-arid region of Borujen, central Iran. This research aimed to (i) compare two digital soil mapping approaches including Multinomial logistic regression and random forest, with the conventional soil mapping approach at four soil taxonomic levels (order, suborder, great group and subgroup levels), (ii) validate the predicted soil maps by the same validation data set to determine the best method for producing the soil maps, and (iii) select the best soil taxonomic level by different approaches at three sample sizes (100, 80, and 60 point observations), in two scenarios with and without a geomorphology map as a spatial covariate. In most predicted maps, using both digital soil mapping approaches, the best results were obtained using the combination of terrain attributes and the geomorphology map, although differences between the scenarios with and without the geomorphology map were not significant. Employing the geomorphology map increased map purity and the Kappa index, and led to a decrease in the ‘noisiness’ of soil maps. Multinomial logistic regression had better performance at higher taxonomic levels (order and suborder levels); however, random forest showed better performance at lower taxonomic levels (great group and subgroup levels). Multinomial logistic regression was less sensitive than random forest to a decrease in the number of training observations. The conventional soil mapping method produced a map with larger minimum polygon size because of traditional cartographic criteria used to make the geological map 1:100,000 (on which the conventional soil mapping map was largely based). Likewise, conventional soil mapping map had also a larger average polygon size that resulted in a lower level of detail. Multinomial logistic regression at the order level (map purity of 0.80), random forest at the suborder (map purity of 0.72) and great group level (map purity of 0.60), and conventional soil mapping at the subgroup level (map purity of 0.48) produced the most accurate maps in the study area. The multinomial logistic regression method was identified as the most effective approach based on a combined index of map purity, map information content, and map production cost. The combined index also showed that smaller sample size led to a preference for the order level, while a larger sample size led to a preference for the great group level.
•DSM produces more accurate, informative and cost-efficient maps than conventional soil mapping.•Geomorphology is a powerful, but expensive spatial covariate.•Categorical ancillary data played an important role in the soil spatial modelling.•Soil mapping cost depends on types of ancillary data and sample sizes.
In the present study, the effects of milk feeding amount and feeding frequency (FF) on performance, blood metabolites, rumen fermentation, and performance of dairy heifers during the first artificial ...insemination (AI) and first lactation were investigated. The treatment group consisted of 48 female Holstein heifer calves (12/treatment) distributed in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with milk feeding high = 8 L/d, HL or medium = 6 L/d, ML and feeding frequency 2 × or 3 ×. All calves were fed on a step-up/step-down method, weaned from milk at 56 d of age, and observed until 70 d of age. Heifer calves were kept uniform from 70 d of age until the first lactation to evaluate the long-term effects of the treatments. We observed no FF effect and no interaction between the level and FF on feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (FE), body weight (BW), structural growth, blood metabolites, and rumen fermentation parameters. Calves fed HL milk had higher total dry matter intake (DMI), BW, and ADG during the pre- and post-weaning periods. During the preweaning period, HL-fed calves had higher serum insulin (trend) and glucose concentrations compared to ML-fed calves. Lower age at first AI was observed in calves fed HL rather than ML regardless of FF. Weight at first AI, milk yield (305 d), and energy-corrected milk (ECM-305 d) in the first lactation showed a trend toward higher values in HL-fed calves compared to ML-fed calves. Preweaning performance and calf maturity can be positively affected by feeding high amounts of milk at both FF.
Reducing post-harvest losses and increasing the shelf life of agricultural products leads to reduced production costs. Edible coatings are used to improve fruit quality and increase the shelf-life of ...horticultural commodities. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the possible effect of edible coatings, including tragacanth gum (TG), Eremurus extract (EE) and tragacanth+Eremurus at 0, 7.5, 10, and 12.5 g L
−1
, on the fruit quality of 'Takdaneh Mashhad' sweet cherry cultivar. Fruits were immersed in the treatment solutions for 3 min and air dried. Then after weighing and labeling, they were collected in fruit baskets and transferred to a cold storage at 0 ± 1°C and 85 to 90% relative humidity. These fruits were taken out of the cold storage at the beginning of the experiment and after 15, 30, and 45 days for measuring fruit weight loss, fruit firmness, soluble solids content (SSC), pH, titratable acidity, total phenolic content, polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity, vitamin C, fruit-edible quality, fruit color, and decay index. According to the results, fruits coated with 12.5 g L
−1
TG and also 12.5 g L
−1
EE coatings individually showed reduction in weight loss compared to the control treatment. These two treatments increased the qualitative appearance of the fruit such as fruit firmness, color and vitamin C compared to the control fruits. All coating treatments reduced decay index. The present study was the first study to investigate the effect of Eremurus alone or in combination with tragacanth gum on the physicochemical properties of sweet cherry fruit.
Lithology and soil formation affect magnetic susceptibility and its distribution along soil pedons. Kerman province in Iran is typical for variable lithology. However, only limited data on soil ...magnetic susceptibility in this province and its relation to the lithology are available. We investigate the effect of soil properties and processes on magnetic susceptibility values of soils with different geology in central Iran. Seven soil pedons with different lithology including sedimentary and igneous bedrocks were selected in arid and semi-arid parts of northern Kerman. Routine physical and chemical properties, different forms of iron, and mass-specific magnetic susceptibility values were measured in all the collected samples. Four selected samples underwent magnetic separation. Two of them, which yielded the highest amount of magnetically extracted material, were subjected to X-ray diffraction analysis. In addition, polished sections from the sample with the highest mass-specific magnetic susceptibility were prepared. The results show that lithology strongly affects the magnetic susceptibility in the studied soils, ranging from the minimum value of 4.3 × 10
−8
m
3
kg
−1
(in the soils developed on Cretaceous marls and limestone) to 1264 × 10
−8
m
3
kg
−1
(on andesite rocks). Frequency-dependent susceptibility values of soils (from 0 to 5.3%) showed that coarse multi domain grains inherited from parent material were the main source of magnetism in the area under study. The average amount of free, non-crystalline, crystalline, and active iron oxides in the studied samples were 0.5, 9.96, 8.45, and 0.05 g kg
−1
, respectively. The weighted mean for different factors was calculated in three depth ranges. Slope of linear regression was used to investigate the relation between mass-specific susceptibility and physicochemical parameters for different soil depths. The argilluviation process caused a decrease in the magnetic susceptibility in moderately developed soils of the region. The highest magnetic susceptibility values were found for Cambic Calcisols, followed by the Abruptic Solonetz, both developed on the andesite and gypsiferous marl. A positive relationship between magnetic susceptibility and Fe
o
, Fe
d
and Fe
d
— Fe
o
, and a negative correlation between magnetic susceptibility and Fe
o
/Fe
d
were found. According to X-ray diffraction analyses, diamagnetic minerals are dominant, while antiferromagnetic minerals are rare. The results suggest that changes in the magnetic susceptibility values are highly affected by the processes of soil formation, lithology, and soil classification.
Purpose: Considering the high perishability of agricultural products, especially vegetables, it is very important to use edible coating materials that increase their postharvest life and are edible ...and non-chemical. Research method: In this study, the effect of tragacanth gum coatings (0, 5, 7.5, and 10 g.L-1) on the edible quality of tomato fruits cv. Falkato was investigated during 35 days of storage (15 °C and 85-95% relative humidity). The fruits were immersed in tragacanth gum solutions for three minutes and carefully weighed and labeled and packed after drying. During storage time, every one week (7 days) fruits were removed and the fruit weight loss, pH, soluble solids concentration (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), fruit firmness, shrinkage, and decay index were measured and compared with the uncoated sample (distilled water treatment). Findings: According to the results the tragacanth gum coating significantly reduced the percentage of fruit weight loss and improved the quality of tomato fruits such as firmness, SSC and TA compared to the control sample. So, coated fruits showed better edible quality than uncoated fruits. Then tragacanth gum is recommended for use after harvesting the tomato fruit. Research limitations: No limitations were founded. Originality/Value: In this research, for the first time, the effect of tragacanth gum coatings on the storage life of tomatoes was investigated.
In this research, the effect of two irrigation treatments (90 and 40% of available water) and four different levels of zinc (control, 5, 10, and 20 mg kg-1 soil) was investigated on pistachio ...rootstock seedlings including ‘Akbari’ and ‘Badami’ in a completely randomized design with four replications during 90 days. At the end of the experiment, plant growth characteristics including shoot height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, and dry matter accumulation in root, stem, and leaf were evaluated. Additionally, the relative water content, membrane stability index, photosynthetic pigment concentrations, and content of organic osmolytes were appraised as well. The results showed that drought stress reduced plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, and biomass of plants, and increased root dry weight. The zinc application increased plant growth under irrigation treatments. In addition, under drought stress, the application of 5 mg kg-1 zinc increased the membrane stability by16.76%, maintained chlorophyll a by 20.69%, b by 31.96%, and total chlorophyll of the leaf by 27.74%. However, the application of 20 mg kg-1 Zn in soil caused toxicity and exacerbated the effects of drought stress which led to the accumulation of proline and soluble carbohydrates in the pistachio rootstocks with more proline in ‘Akbari’ than ‘Badami’ rootstock, while Zinc could reduce the accumulation of soluble carbohydrates and proline. In general, ‘Badami’ was introduced as a tolerant rootstock for use underwater stress, as well as using 5 mg kg-1 Zn to improve the growth and efficiency of both rootstocks under drought stress or without stress.
New Kinds of Prefilters in EQ-Algebras Paad, Akbar; Bakhshi, Mahmood; Jafari, Azam ...
Discussiones Mathematicae. General Algebra and Applications,
03/2022, Letnik:
42, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In this paper, the notions of
-fold positive implicative prefilter and
-fold implicative prefilter in
-algebras are introduced and several properties, characterizations and equivalent conditions are ...provided. It is proved that the quotient EQ-algebra induced by an
-fold positive implicative prefilter is
-idempotent. Also, it is proved that in an
-idempotent EQ-algebra, any filter is an
-fold positive implicative filter. In the sequel, we investigate the relationships between these two types of prefilters. Finally, some characterizations of
-fold implicative prefilters in bounded EQ-algebras are given.
Some morphological and physiological traits of seedlings in eight quince populations from seeds obtained in 2015 (350 progenies per population) were evaluated in 2017 and 2018. They resulted from ...open pollination of ‘Viduja’, KVD2 and KVD4 genotypes as well as from the crossings of ‘Viduja’ × KVD4, KVD2 × ‘Viduja’, KVD2 × KVD4, KVD4 × ‘Viduja’ and KVD4 × KVD2. Populations showed significant differences in some measured traits, including height and diameter of seedlings, canopy width, annual growth, leaf iron, and chlorophyll content, as well as catalase and peroxidase activities. Based on the results of descriptive statistics, a high variation coefficient was observed in canopy width, peroxidase activity, chlorophyll, and iron content traits. Results of simple correlation showed that there were significant positive correlations between leaf iron content and catalase activity as well as canopy width with both annual growth and leaf length. Cluster analysis among populations based on total traits divided the populations into four distinct groups. The role of the female parents was visible in reciprocal crosses of ‘Viduja’ × KVD4 and KVD2 × KVD4, but all populations with similar female parents were not grouped in the same clusters.
In recent years, using wastewater, such as fish farming effluent, has been increased, especially in developing countries. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the effect of three types of ...irrigation water including river water, fish farm water, and mixed water (50% river water + 50% fish farm effluent) on growth rates and concentrations of macro- and micronutrients in basil and purslane. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results indicated that irrigation with fish farm effluent significantly increased the fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, leaf number, and stem height in both plants. In the fish farm treatment, the fresh weight of shoots increased 203% and 250% compared to river water irrigation, in basil and purslane, respectively. Concentrations of N, P, K, Cu, and Mn in basil increased significantly in fish farm treatment compared to river water irrigation. Also, concentrations of N, P, Mg, and Cu in purslane increased in fish water treatment. In both plants, river water irrigation significantly enhanced Ca and Zn concentrations. Therefore, using fish farm effluent in irrigation provides water requirement of plants and also can improve the availability of nutrient elements for basil and purslane.
Knowledge about distribution of soil properties over the landscape is required for a variety of land management applications and resources, modeling, and monitoring practices. The main aim of this ...research was to conduct a spatially prediction of the top soil properties such as soil organic carbon (SOC), calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE), and clay content using digital soil mapping (DSM) approaches in Borujen region, Chaharmahal-Va-Bakhtiari province, central Iran. To achieve this goal, a total of 334 soil samples were collected from 0 to 30 cm depth. Three non-linear models including Cubist (Cu), Random Forest (RF), Regression Tree (RT) and a Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) were used to link environmental covariates and the studied soil properties. The environmental covariates were obtained from a digital elevation model (DEM) and satellite imagery (Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper; ETM). The model was calibrated and validated by the 10-fold cross-validation approach. Root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) were used to determine the performance of the models, and relative RMSE (RMSE%) was used to define prediction accuracy. According to the RMSE and R2, Cu and RF resulted in the most accurate predictions for CCE (R2 = 0.30 and RMSE = 9.52) and clay contents (R2 = 0.15 and RMSE = 7.86), respectively, while both of RF and Cu models showed the highest performance to predict SOC content (R2 = 0.55). Results showed that remote sensing covariates (Ratio Vegetation Index and band 4) were the most important variables to explain the variability of SOC and CCE content, but only topographic attributes were responsible for clay content variation. According to RMSE% results, it could be concluded that the best model is not necessarily able to make the most accurate estimation. This study recommended that more observations and denser sampling should be carried out in the entire study area. Alternatively, stratified sampling by elevation in homogeneous sub-areas was recommended. The stratified sampling probably will increase the performance of models.
•Easy accessible environmental covariates were used to predict soil properties.•Different non-linear and linear techniques were compared.•Non-linear techniques showed better performance than the linear technique.•Random forest and Cubist models resulted in higher accuracy.•Topographic for clay and remote sensing for SOC and CCE were the most important covariates.
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