CROPOS, as the Croatian GNSS network, was modernized and upgraded to support the Galileo system in 2019. Two of CROPOS's services-VPPS (Network RTK service) and GPPS (post-processing service)-were ...assessed for the contribution of the Galileo system to their performance. A station used for field testing was previously examined and surveyed to determine the local horizon and to carry out a detailed mission planning. The whole day of observation was divided into several sessions, each with a different visibility of Galileo satellites. A special observation sequence was designed: VPPS (GPS-GLO-GAL), VPPS (GAL-only), and GPPS (GPS-GLO-GAL-BDS). All observations were taken on the same station with the same GNSS receiver, Trimble R12. Each static observation session was post-processed in Trimble Business Center (TBC) in two different ways: considering all available systems (GGGB) and considering GAL-only observations. A daily static solution based on all systems (GGGB) was considered as the reference for the accuracy assessment of all obtained solutions. The results obtained with VPPS (GPS-GLO-GAL) and VPPS (GAL-only) were analyzed and assessed; the results obtained with GAL-only have shown a slightly higher scatter. It was concluded that the inclusion of the Galileo system in CROPOS has contributed to the availability and reliability of solutions but not to their accuracy. By complying with the observation rules and taking redundant measurements, the accuracy of GAL-only results can be improved.
Today, more than half of the world's population lives in cities and therefore the implementation of smart cities is being imposed as a strategy to solve the problems of rapid urbanization. Smart ...cities are still just a concept and there is no clear definition of it, and this paper provides a framework for understanding this concept and its key components. Considering a series of different studies, the basic components and factors of smart cities are derived. The implementation of this concept faces many challenges, with information and communication technology (ICT) playing a key role. Such cities are collecting large amounts of data, so in addition to ICT, two emerging technologies, the Internet of Things and the Big Data Concept, are increasingly being mentioned as the basis for successful development. Spatial information is also being imposed as one of the key drivers of successful development and decision making within a smart city. With the advancement and innovation of geospatial technologies, sciences such as geodesy and geoinformatics are becoming key drivers of the development of new smart applications and one of the essential components in the smart cities concept. But, due to the increasing interdisciplinarity of other sciences, geodesy and geoinformatics need to obtain their place in the concept of smart cities, so understanding this concept is crucial for sustainability of these professions.
The rapid development of space technology and the increased interest in space exploration have resulted in the intensive observation of celestial bodies, mostly in the solar system, over the past ...decade with the prospect of an upward trend in the future. Large amounts of collected data on space bodies impose the need to develop the Spatial Data Infrastructure of Celestial Bodies at the general level to enable standardized organization and storage of these data, and their efficient use and exchange. To approach the development of such an infrastructure, it is necessary to investigate what data, as well as how and to what extent, are collected through space observation. It is also necessary to investigate how this data can be obtained. This paper provides an overview of planetary spatial data archives, data storage and retrieval methods, and their shortcomings in the context of easy search, download and interpretation of data, all with the aim of establishing Spatial Data Infrastructure of Celestial Bodies that would make space data more accessible to the public and non-planetary scientists.
Earthquakes, as a natural phenomenon causing large physical and social destruction, are the subject of intensive research throughout the world. Spurred by the fact that in year 2020, two catastrophic ...earthquakes hit Croatia, in March with epicenter near Zagreb and December with epicenter near Petrinja, at the Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb activities were initiated with the aim of strengthening the ability to react in these situations. Focus of those activities is on providing fast, adequate, and complete information on the disaster in the field of geodesy and geoinformatics. The research was focused on interpretation of kinematics of surface motion during the earthquake itself for what high rate permanent GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) network stations registrations are necessary. The Croatian earthquakes experience as well as the Mexico (June 2020) and Samosa earthquake (October 2020), pointed out, related to the use of high-rate registration GNSS data, that the primary problem in the use of this data is open access to the data itself. That is why this study has been launched - to gain a global picture of the availability of data from permanent GNSS networks around the world. The research included the collection and processing of information on open access policies for permanent GNSS networks data in the event of natural disasters with an emphasis on earthquakes. A global survey of institutions around the world responsible for managing GNSS permanent networks has been conducted. The survey contains three groups of questions that include general information on the type of permanent networks, models of access to network data and the readiness of countries to reach an international agreement on the opening data of the GNSS network in the event of a disaster. The results indicated that a high percentage of countries participating in the survey were ready to agree to open the data and introduce a common international portal through which scientists and researchers would be able to download GNSS permanent network data free of charge in the event of natural disasters.
Smart cities are ubiquitous topic today, and emerge as preferred concept for future development of human lifestyle. In the international literature, there are only a few articles dealing critically ...with the topic of the smart cities, and even fewer of them are interdisciplinary. Integrated sensor systems are a prerequisite for developing the concept of smart cities in practice because individual sensors can hardly meet the demands of the smart cities for complex information. This paper provides an overview of the theoretical concept of smart cities and the integrated sensor systems. The article promotes an interdisciplinary approach to the study of the smart cities, where geomatics should also contribute due to the fact that most of the information has a spatial component.
The paper analyzes the geodynamic network of the City of Zagreb for periodic campaigns carried out from 2006 to 2009 which were processed by different software packages. The first computations and ...processing results were obtained by using the scientific software Gamit/Globk and indicate the ongoing tectonic activity of the area. In this paper, all calculations were performed by using the scientific software Bernese. Processing strategies and applied error models in the Gamit and Bernese solution are analyzed. The results of the previous analyses show the need to perform GNSS measurements at intervals of up to one year, which is necessary for understanding the mechanism of the structural frame of the wider Zagreb area. The research and analysis performed in this paper indicate certain uncertainties in determining the velocities from periodic one-year GNSS measurements. When periodic GNSS observations are analyzed at time intervals shorter than 2.5 years, annual signals can cause significant errors in determining point velocities. The accuracy of determining velocities between annual time intervals depends on a number of factors: noise level in GNSS measurements, measurement sessions quantity and applied computation strategies. Previously, the time series analysis of observations was a key procedure in the context of geodynamic and geokinematic research and the FODITS algorithm was used for the analysis. A noise analysis on the daily time series of coordinates was performed for the purpose of understanding all influences on geodynamic points. Moreover, a correlation between the time series of observations was determined in order to estimate the final velocity uncertainty error. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the applicability of the methods and procedures used to determine the coordinates and velocities of points that can be reliably used for geodynamic and geokinematic analyses and consequently, timely responses to various geophysical phenomena due to earthquakes or other natural phenomena.
Damir Šantek, MSc, MEng in geodesy, defended his doctoral thesis Application of GNSS RTK in the Cadastral Survey with Increased Accuracy and Reliability of Measurements at the Faculty of Geodesy, ...University of Zagreb on January 13, 2015. The doctoral thesis was defended in front of the Committee for defence consisting of Prof. Dr. Drago Špoljarić, Prof. Dr. Tomislav Bašić and Assist. Prof. Milan Rezo. The Committee for evaluation of the doctoral thesis consisted of the same members. Prof. Dr. Željko Bačić was the mentor.
The Copernicus is a European Programme designed to establish a European capacity for the Earth Observation. It consists of a series of complex systems that collect data from multiple sources: ...satellites for Earth observation and sensors placed on the ground, in the air and in the sea. The goal of the program is to ensure regular monitoring and supervision of the atmosphere, ocean and land surface. The celebration titled "Copernicus Goes Local – Implementing the Space Strategy for Europe" was held in the European Parliament and gathered around 300 participants. The event was attended by numerous Commissioners of the European Commission, participants of the European Earth Observation Programme, and industry representatives from all over Europe. The main motive of this event was the establishment of Copernicus at the local level.
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