The Council of European Aerospace Societies (CEAS) Aeroacoustics Specialists Committee (ASC) supports and promotes the interests of the scientific and industrial aeroacoustics community on a European ...scale and European aeronautics activities internationally. In this context, “aeroacoustics” encompasses all aerospace acoustics and related areas. Each year the committee highlights some of the research and development projects in Europe.
Due the effects of the Covid 19 pandemic it was not possible to publish an edition in 2021 and so this paper is a report on highlights of aeroacoustics research in Europe in both 2020 and 2021, compiled from information provided to the ASC of the CEAS. In addition, during 2020 and 2021, a number of research programmes involving aeroacoustics were funded by the European Commission. Some of the highlights from these programmes are also summarized in this article.
Enquiries concerning all contributions should be addressed to the authors who are given at the end of each subsection.
•Council of European Aerospace Societies Aeroacoustics Specialists Committee yearly review.•Report on highlights of aeroacoustics research in Europe.•Promotes the interests of the scientific and industrial aeroacoustics community.
The tectono‐sedimentary evolution of asymmetric extensional systems driven by the activity of major normal faults or detachments associated with footwall exhumation is often characterized by a ...sequence of slower, faster, and ultimately again slower subsidence rates in the center of hanging wall half‐grabens during their synkinematic and postkinematic evolution. We have studied this specific evolution by the means of 3‐D stratigraphic numerical modeling that accounts for the variability of the sediment and water flux combined with climatic and sea level variations, and sediment compaction. The model setup is constrained by observations from the Pannonian back‐arc basin of central Europe. Our modeling predicts the formation of low‐order tectonic and higher‐order sea level and climate‐driven transgressive‐regressive sedimentary cycles. Furthermore, we model and analyze the autocyclic nature of the depositional systems. Retrograding‐prograding cycles are visible on the proximal flank of the half‐grabens by their different spatial and temporal expressions, while depocenters record large water depth variations linked to the specific and episodic activity of normal faults and their migration with time. The application to a system of multiple half‐grabens in the Pannonian Basin, which are activated in different locations, at different times and with different kinematics, demonstrates a complex interplay between direct sediment sourcing and the sediments' ability to bypass trapping subbasins and paleo‐reliefs created by eroded footwalls.
Plain Language Summary
The formation and evolution of sedimentary basins is of prime interest as they record different Earth processes. The understanding of rifting mechanics and associated evolution of extensional sedimentary basins is also important for the assessment of their potential for georesources including freshwater. The spatial and temporal variabilities of vertical movements in asymmetric extensional systems control landscape evolution coupled to sedimentary and climatic processes. This paper aims to quantify the effect of tectonics and climatic variations on the overall architecture of such basins. Our numerical modeling demonstrates the low‐order tectonic and higher‐order sea level and climate‐driven influence on the sedimentary transport routes and overall architecture. The application of our model in the Pannonian Basin of central Europe shows how tectonic inheritance control sedimentary transport routes.
Key Points
Quantification of tectonic and climatic controls on sedimentation in asymmetric extensional basins
New insights into distribution of lithologies, sedimentary facies, and unconformities in half‐grabens
Verifying the new insights in the Pannonian Basin tectono‐sedimentary evolution
A library of pinane-based 1,3-diaminoalcohols and 5-aminomethyloxazolidin-2-ones was developed from commercially available (1R)-(−)-myrtenol which was transformed to N-trichloroacetyl protected allyl ...amine via Overmann rearrangement followed by stereoselective epoxidation with mCPBA resulting in key intermedier epoxy-amine. In order to obtain the diaminoalcohol moiety, aminolysis and azidolysis of the oxirane ring was performed. The cleavage of the oxirane ring proceeded regioselectively, affording N-trichloroacetyl protected 1,3-diaminoalcohols and oxazolidin-2-ones, which were obtained also via a thermal cyclisation. Since N deprotection of diaminoalcohols was unsuccessful under varied conditions, the protecting group was changed and Boc-protected analogues were synthesised. In this case, removal of the Boc protecting group was successful resulting in the planned diamino alcohols. An unexpected extreme δ Meα-9 value (0.11 ppm) was measured for the dibenzylaminomethyl-substituted oxazolidine-2-one, and the stereostructure was refined by means of DFT geometry optimization. The obtained potential catalysts were applied in the test reaction of benzaldehyde and diethylzinc with low to moderate enantioselectivities (up to 74% ee).
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Solvent-free preparation types for cyclodextrin complexation, such as co-grinding, are technologies desired by the industry. However, in-depth analytical evaluation of the process and detailed ...characterization of intermediate states of the complexes are still lacking in areas. In our work, we aimed to apply the co-grinding technology and characterize the process. Fenofibrate was used as a model drug and dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin as a complexation excipient. The physical mixture of the two substances was ground for 60 min; meanwhile, samples were taken. A solvent product of the same composition was also prepared. The intermediate samples and the final products were characterized with instrumental analytical tools. The XRPD measurements showed a decrease in the crystallinity of the drug and the DSC results showed the appearance of a new crystal form. Correlation analysis of FTIR spectra suggests a three-step complexation process. In vitro dissolution studies were performed to compare the dissolution properties of the pure drug to the products. Using a solvent-free production method, we succeeded in producing a two-component system with superior solubility properties compared to both the active ingredient and the product prepared by the solvent method. The intermolecular description of complexation was achieved with a detailed analysis of FTIR spectra.
Cyclodextrins (CD) are used extensively in the pharmaceutical industry to improve the water solubility and bioavailability of drugs. Preparing ternary systems by applying a third component can ...enhance these beneficial effects. The complexation methods of these ternary systems are the same as those of two-component complexes. These methods are solvent (co-evaporation, co-precipitation, etc.) or solventless “green” techniques (co-grinding, microwave irradiation, etc.). Using solvent-free methods is considered to be an economically and environmentally desirable technology.
This study aimed to prepare ternary systems by the co-grinding method and evaluate the effect of a third component by comparing it to products obtained by solvent methods, binary systems, and marketed products. For that, we used terbinafine hydrochloride as a model drug, sulfobutyl-ether-beta-cyclodextrin as a complexation agent and 5 or 15 w/w% of polyvinylpyrrolidone K-90 (PVP) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as auxiliary components.
Physicochemical evaluation (X-Ray Diffractometry, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Thermogravimetry) showed that new solid phases were formed, while Scanning Electron Microscopy was performed to study morphological aspects of the products. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic measurements suggested different intermolecular interactions depending on the type of polymer. In vitro dissolution studies showed beneficial effects of CD and further improvement with the applied polymers. Products showed less cell toxicity with one exception.
Both polymers enhanced the physicochemical and in vitro properties, suggesting a greater bioavailability of the model drug. However, the percentage of polymers applied did not appear to be an influencing factor for these properties.
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The links between tectonics, surface processes and magmatism govern the evolution of rifted and transform margins. Quantifying the control of surface and deep Earth processes, lithosphere rheology ...and plate kinematics is challenging because of their non-linear interactions. We designed and conducted systematic 3D magmatic-thermo-mechanical numerical experiments coupled with surface processes modelling to better understand the formation of rifted and transform continental margins. Oceanic transform faults are formed by either the opposite polarity of oceanic detachment faults or their formation is linked to the gradual interaction between two propagating rift and spreading centers.
Lower divergence velocities, faster crustal and slower mantle thinning, lower surface processes (i.e. erosion and sedimentation) rates, and lower mantle potential temperature lead to the formation of magma-starved continental margins, mantle exhumation and eventually the formation of a stable transform fault zone with a magma-starved, deep transform valley. Suppressed melting and small-scale mantle instabilities govern the along-ridge variation of magmatic and non-magmatic segments, often leading to V-shaped zero-offset oceanic fracture zones. In contrast, faster divergence, lithospheric mantle inherited weak zones, enhanced erosion and sedimentation, result in enhanced mantle melting, and rift magmatism and the formation of a spreading center in the transform zone. Models simulating the temporal increase of divergence velocities show the evolution from an initial magma-poor to a final magma-rich oceanic basin.
In models without simulating mantle melting, enhanced surface processes lead to delayed break-up linked to a longer continental hyper-extended stage. However, enhanced surface processes and a more localized and accelerated lithospheric mantle thinning can promote earlier mantle melting and the formation of magma-chambers beneath the crust.
•We show 3D thermo-mechanical, magmatic, surface processes models of rifting and spreading.•Magmatism is controlled by rheology, extension rate, surface processes and mantle temperatures.•The rifted and transform margin segments show contrasting subsidence histories.•Surface processes delay or accelerate crustal break-up linked to magmatic processes.
Molecular complexation with cyclodextrins (CDs) has long been a known process for modifying the physicochemical properties of problematic active pharmaceutical ingredients with poor water solubility. ...In current times, the focus has been on the solvent-free co-grinding process, which is an industrially feasible process qualifying as a green technology. In this study, terbinafine hydrochloride (TER), a low solubility antifungal drug was used as a model drug. This study aimed to prepare co-ground products and follow through the preparation process of the co-grinding method in the case of TER and two amorphous CD derivatives: (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (HPBCD); heptakis-(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (DIMEB). For this evaluation, the following analytical tools and methods were used: phase solubility studies, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffractometry (XRPD), hot-stage X-ray powder diffractometry (HOT-XRPD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, in vitro characterization (dissolution and diffusion studies) was performed in two kinds of dissolution medium without enzymes. In the XRPD and SEM studies, it was found that the co-grinding of the components resulted in amorphous products. FT-IR and Raman spectroscopies confirmed the formation of an inclusion complex through the unsaturated aliphatic chain of TER and CDs. In vitro characterization suggested better dissolution properties for both CDs and decreased diffusion at higher pH levels in the case of HPBCD.
Comirnaty, Pfizer-BioNTech's polyethylene-glycol (PEG)-containing Covid-19 vaccine, can cause hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs), or rarely, life-threatening anaphylaxis in a small fraction of ...immunized people. A causal role of anti-PEG antibodies (Abs) has been proposed, but causality has not yet proven in an animal model. The aim of this study was to provide such evidence using pigs immunized against PEG, which displayed very high levels of anti-PEG antibodies (Abs). We also aimed to find evidence for a role of complement activation and thromboxane A2 release in blood to explore the mechanism of anaphylaxis.
Pigs (n = 6) were immunized with 0.1 mg/kg PEGylated liposome (Doxebo) i.v., and the rise of anti-PEG IgG and IgM were measured in serial blood samples with ELISA. After ∼2–3 weeks the animals were injected i.v. with 1/3 human dose of the PEGylated mRNA vaccine, Comirnaty, and the hemodynamic (PAP, SAP) cardiopulmonary (HR, EtCO2,), hematological (WBC, granulocyte, lymphocyte and platelet counts) parameters and blood immune mediators (anti-PEG IgM and IgG antibodies, thromboxane B2, C3a) were measured as endpoints of HSRs (anaphylaxis).
The level of anti-PEG IgM and IgG rose 5–10-thousand-fold in all of 6 pigs immunized with Doxebo by day 6, after which time all animals developed anaphylactic shock to i.v. injection of 1/3 human dose of Comirnaty. The reaction, starting within 1 min involved maximal pulmonary hypertension and decreased systemic pulse pressure amplitude, tachycardia, granulo- and thrombocytopenia, and skin reactions (flushing or rash). These physiological changes or their absence were paralleled by C3a and TXB2 rises in blood.
Consistent with previous studies, these data show a causal role of anti-PEG Abs in the anaphylaxis to Comirnaty, which involves complement activation, and, hence, it represents C activation-related pseudo-anaphylaxis. The setup provides the first large-animal model for mRNA-vaccine-induced anaphylaxis in humans.
The Council of European Aerospace Societies (CEAS) Aeroacoustics Specialists Committee (ASC) supports and promotes the interests of the scientific and industrial aeroacoustics community on an ...European scale and European aeronautics activities internationally. In this context, “aeroacoustics” encompasses all aerospace acoustics and related areas. Each year the committee highlights some of the research and development projects in Europe.
This paper is a report on highlights of aeroacoustics research in Europe in 2010, compiled from information provided to the ASC of the CEAS.
At the end of 2010, project X-NOISE EV of the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Commission has been launched as a continuation of the X-Noise series, with objectives of reducing aircraft noise and reaching the goal set by the ACARE 2020 Vision.
Some contributions submitted to the editor summarizes selected findings from European projects launched before or concluded in 2010, while other articles cover issues supported by national associations or by industries. Furthermore, a concise summary of the workshop on “Aeroacoustics of High-Speed Aircraft Propellers and Open Rotors” held in Warsaw in October is included in this report.
Enquiries concerning all contributions should be addressed to the authors who are given at the end of each subsection.
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