U osamnaest poglavlja treće knjige spisa o umijeću trgovanja (Libro del arte del mercatura, 1458.) hrvatski je renesansni filozof Benedikt Kotruljević (oko 1416. – 1469.) izložio popis etičkih vrlina ...koje bi trebale obilježavati savršena trgovca. Njegov etički nauk nastao je pod snažnim utjecajem Aristotelove misli. Zbog toga ne čudi da Kotruljevićev popis etičkih vrlina nalikuje onom koji je Aristotel načinio u sedmom poglavlju druge knjige svoje Nikomahove etike. U ovom smo radu ispitali i usporedili Kotruljevićev s Aristotelovim popisom etičkih vrlina, pritom pružajući uvid u sličnosti i razlike tih dvaju popisa te otkrivajući u kojoj su mjeri podudarni. U ranijim je istraživanjima dokazano da su Kotruljevićevo i Aristotelovo razumijevanje vrline pravednosti podudarni. Međutim, u radu smo ustanovili da se od ukupno trinaest etičkih vrlina još njih šest (pouzdanje, lukavost ili domišljatost, čestitost, darežljivost, stidljivost i umjerenost) s Kotruljevićeva popisa temelji upravo na Aristotelovoj etici.
Dans dix-huit chapitres du troisième tome de son livre sur l’art de commercer (Libro del arte del mercatura, 1458), le philosophe croate de la Renaissance Benedetto Cotrugli (vers 1416 – 1469) présente une liste des vertus éthiques que le parfait marchand est censé posséder. Son enseignement éthique a largement été sous l’influence des pensées d’Aristote. Il n’est donc pas étonnant que la liste des vertus éthiques de Cotrugli ressemble à celle qu’Aristote a élaboré dans son Éthique à Nicomaque. Dans le présent travail, nous interrogeons et comparons la liste des vertus éthiques de Cotrugli avec celle d’Aristote, et dans le même temps offrons un aperçu des similarités et différences des deux listes en question, et découvrons ainsi dans quelles mesures elles concordent. Les études antérieures ont montré que la compréhension des vertus de la justice de Cogrugli concordait avec celle d’Aristote. Pourtant, il ressort de ce travail que parmi treize vertus au total, encore six d’entre elles (confiance, prudence, intégrité, libéralité, modestie et tempérence) issues de la liste de Cotrugli trouvent leur fondement justement dans l’éthique d’Aristote.
In achtzehn Kapiteln des dritten Buches seiner Schriften mit dem Titel Il libro dell‘arte di mercatura (Das Buch der Handelskunst) (1458) stellte der kroatische Renaissancephilosoph Benedetto Cotrugli (ca. 1416–1469) eine Liste ethischer Tugenden vor, die ein perfekter Kaufmann besitzen sollte. Seine ethische Lehre wurde erheblich von Aristoteles Gedanken beeinflusst. Aufgrund dessen weist Cotruglis Liste ethischer Tugenden Ähnlichkeit mit jener Liste auf, die Aristoteles im siebten Kapitel des zweiten Buches seiner Nikomachischen Ethik erstellt hat. In diesem Paper wurden ihre Listen ethischer Tugenden untersucht und in Parallele gestellt, um so neue Einsichten in deren Abweichungen und Similaritäten zu gewinnen und folglich das Ausmaß ihrer Übereinstimmung zu offenbaren. Vorangegangene Forschungen haben gezeigt, dass Cotrugli und Aristoteles miteinander in Einklang stehende Auffassungen von der Tugend der Gerechtigkeit hatten. Der Aufsatz belegt jedoch, dass sich weitere sechs von dreizehn ethischen Tugenden (Verschwiegenheit, Schlauheit oder Gewandtheit, Rechtschaffenheit, Mildtätigkeit, Bescheidenheit und Enthaltsamkeit) auf Cotruglis Liste auf Aristoteles’ Ethik gründen.
In eighteen chapters of the third book of his writings named The Book of the Art of Trade (1458) Croatian Renaissance philosopher Benedetto Cotrugli (c. 1416–1469) presented a list of ethical virtues a perfect merchant should possess. His ethical teaching was largely influenced by Aristotle’s thought. Hence, Cotrugli’s list of ethical virtues resembles the list Aristotle made in the seventh chapter of the second book of his Nicomachean Ethics. In this paper, their lists of ethical virtues were examined and compared, thus providing insight into their differences and similarities, consequently revealing the extent of their accordance. Previous research has shown that Cotrugli and Aristotle had a corresponding understanding of the virtue of justice. However, the paper proves that another six out of thirteen ethical virtues (confidence, astuteness, integrity, liberality, modesty, and temperance) on Cotrugli’s list have their foundation in Aristotle’s ethics.
Godišnje radionice Europskog referentnog laboratorija za parazite (EURLP) smještenog u Višem institutu za zdravlje (Istituto Superiore di Sanita) u Rimu, prilika su za upoznavanje s aktualnim stanjem ...najvažnijih parazitarnih zoonoza u Europi. Tijekom dvodnevne radionice predstavnici nacionalnih referentnih laboratorija (NRL) usmeno ili posterima izvještavali su o epidemiološkim i epizootiološkim osobitostima parazitarnih zoonoza u njihovim zemljama tijekom protekle godine. Prezentirani podatci uglavnom se odnose na: godišnje preglede registriranih slučajeva oboljelih ljudi, izvore invadiranja, načine širenja i prenošenja invazija, ispitivanja kojima se provjerava prisutnost, otpornost i preživljavanje razvojnih stadija parazita u okolišu kao i na opise neuobičajenih pojava rijetkih invazivnih zoonoza zabilježenih u europskim zemljama. Epizootiološki podatci odnose se na istraživanja, tj. nadzor nad prisutnošću pojedinih vrsta parazita i/ili njihovih razvojnih stadija u domaćim i divljim životinjama te njihovom potencijalnom značenju za zdravlje ljudi. Sumirane podatke i trendove koji se uoče obradom podataka na razini cijele EU prezentiraju predstavnici Europske agencije za sigurnost hrane (EFSA) i Opće uprave za zdravlje i zaštitu potrošača EU (DG SANCO). Osim predstavnika zemalja članica EU na radionicama su prisutni i predstavnici nečlanica EU, poput Islanda, Norveške, Švicarske, Sjeverne Makedonije i Srbije, koji su često uključeni u zajedničke projekte s članicama zemalja EU i/ili žele biti informirani o aktualnostima iz područja parazitarnih zoonoza na području EU. Posebna pozornost pridaje se predavanjima pozvanih parazitologa iz Europe i svijeta koji prezentiraju rezultate i otkrića dugogodišnjeg rada svojih timova o pojedinim parazitozama i njihovom značenju za javno zdravstvo. Cilj je ovoga rada bio informirati o ehinokokozi i trihinelozi kao najvažnijim parazitozama za javno zdravstvo EU te izvijestiti o značenju i osobitostima opistorhioze koja je opširnije prezentirana na godišnjoj radionici održanoj 2018. godine. Izvijestli smo o neočekivano velikom broju oboljelih ljudi od trihineloze u Hrvatskoj koji je registriran 2017. godine u nekoliko epidemija i sporadičnih slučajeva. Najveća epidemija dogodila se nakon konzumiranja mesnih proizvoda napravljenih od mesa divlje svinje što je i prva službena potvrda invadiranja mesom druge vrste, osim domaće svinje, na području Hrvatske. Zbog karakteristične epidemiološke situacije trihineloza u Hrvatskoj i dalje ostaje parazitoza od najvišeg javno-zdravstvenog značenja.
The annual workshop of the European Reference Laboratory for Parasites (EURLP) at the Higher Health Institute (Istituto Superiore di Sanita) in Rome, is an opportunity for participants to become better acquainted with the current state concerning the most important parasitic zoonoses in Europe. During the two-day workshop, representatives of national reference laboratories (NRL) give oral or poster presentations on the epidemiological and epizootic particularities of parasitic zoonoses in their countries over the past year. The presented data particularly relate to the annual review of registered cases of affected persons, sources of invasion, manner of spread and transmission of invasion, research to test for the presence, resistance and survival of development stages of parasites in the environment, and descriptions of unusual appearances of rare and invasive zoonoses recorded in European countries. The epizootiology data pertain to research and surveillance of the presence of individual species of parasites and their development stages in hosts and wild animals, and their potential significance for human health. The data at the EU level are processed and summarized and trends extracted by the representatives of the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) and the Directorate General for Health and Food Safety (DG SANCO). In addition to representatives of EU Member States, representatives of non-EU states also attend the workshops, such as Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, North Macedonia and Serbia. These countries are often included in joint projects with EU Member States, and/or wish to be informed of the current trends in the field of parasitic zoonoses within the EU. Special attention is given to lectures by invited speakers in the field of parasitology from Europe and the world. They present their results and discoveries emerging from the work of their teams on individual parasitosis, and their significance for public health. The objective of this paper was to provide an overview of echinococcosis and trichinellosis as the most important parasitoses for public health in the EU, and to inform of the significance and particularities of opisthorchiasis, which was presented in detail at the annual workshop held in 2018. We reported on the unexpectedly large number of persons contracting trichinellosis in Croatia in 2017, with several epidemics and sporadic cases. The largest epidemic occurred following the consumption of meat products made from wild boar meat, which is the first official record of its invasion in the meat of another species, other than domesticated pig, in Croatia. Due to its epidemiological characteristics, trichinellosis remains the most significant public health parasitosis in Croatia.
Trichinellosis in Croatia posed a significant health concern during the 1990s, followed by a notable improvement in the epidemiological situation. However, in 2017, there was a resurgence, with 37 ...recorded cases in 3 outbreaks and 3 sporadic cases. The source of this epidemic was homemade meat products derived from wild boar meat, leading to 26 infections.
At the beginning of the outbreak and during the treatment of the patients, the medical and epidemiological records prepared throughout the investigation and over the course of patient treatment were reviewed. The recovery of the first-stage (L1) larvae from suspect meat products was achieved by artificial digestion. The molecular identification of the isolated larvae was performed by multiplex PCR. The molecular identification of the meat used to prepare the meat products was performed by real-time PCR assays.
The epidemic started in early 2017. In total, 71 exposed persons were documented: 26 with clinical symptoms and 3 hospitalised in two cities in different counties. The L1 burden in three different meat products was from 5.25 to 7.08 larvae per gram (LPG), and
was determined as the aetiological agent of the outbreak. The molecular and biological identification confirmed that implicated meat products were made solely from wild boar meat.
Although trichinellosis is no longer a frequent occurrence in Croatia, several cases are still registered nearly every year. Wild boar meat poses an important risk factor for human health if compulsory testing is not conducted before consumption, especially if the meat products are consumed without proper thermal processing.
Rotaviruses (RV), especially
(RVA), are globally recognized as pathogens causing neonatal diarrhea, but they also affect intensive animal farming. However, the knowledge on their significance in ...wildlife is rather limited. The aim of the study was to unveil the prevalence, molecular epidemiology, and genetic diversity of RVA strains circulating in the red fox (
) population in Croatia. From 2018 to 2019, 370 fecal samples from fox carcasses hunted for rabies monitoring were collected. All samples were first tested using a VP2 real-time RT-PCR; in the subsequent course, positives were subjected to VP7 and VP4 genotyping. The results revealed an RVA prevalence of 14.9%, while the circulating RVA strains showed a remarkable genetic diversity in terms of 11 G and nine P genotypes, among which one G and three P were tentatively identified as novel. In total, eight genotype combinations were detected: G8P14, G9P3, G9P23, G10P11, G10P3, G11P13, G15P21, and G?P?. The results suggest a complex background of previous interspecies transmission events, shedding new light on the potential influence of foxes in RVA epidemiology. Their role as potential reservoirs of broad range of RVA genotypes, usually considered typical solely of domestic animals and humans, cannot be dismissed.
Porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED) is an emergent/re-emergent viral pig disease (caused by the virus belonging to the Coronaviridae family, in specific the Alphacoronavirus genus) of global importance. ...Clinical presentation is characterized with acute diarrhoea, vomiting and dehydration in pigs of all ages, with a possible high mortality in suckling piglets. The disease emerged in the USA in 2013 causing heavy losses, and re-emerged in Europe in 2014, but with milder consequences.
In the spring 2016, PED-like symptoms were reported to be seen on an agricultural holding in Eastern Croatia; laboratory workup confirmed the Croatia's first PED outbreak ever. Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) strain responsible for the outbreak was of the S-INDEL genotype, much the same as other European PEDV strains. In 2017, a post-outbreak serology was carried out in three counties in Eastern Croatia, revealing seropositivity in pigs bred on four large industrial holdings (9.09%). The seroprevalence across PEDV-positive holdings was up to 82.8%. The latter holdings were unanimously managed by an enterprise that had never reported PED before.
PED has emerged in Croatian pig population causing potentially considerable losses. The circulating strain was of the S-INDEL genotype. Serological workup proved PEDV spread to another four agricultural holdings, demonstrating the importance of not only external, but also internal biosecurity measures.
To investigate the degree of genetic variability of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) strains circulating in Croatia, 29 isolates from the six largest dairy farms were examined by PCR for a segment of the ...gp51
env
gene, followed by DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The nucleotide sequences were compared with other previously characterized BLV strains from different geographical areas, comprising all seven known BLV genotypes. The Croatian sequences showed six to eight nucleotide substitutions: six silent substitutions and two amino acid changes. Four of those substitutions were within epitopes. In comparison to the sequences of other BLV genotypes, our isolates showed the closest relationship to genotype 1 isolates PL-3252 (FJ808585) and AL-148 (FJ808573) from Argentina. The degree of variation between our sequences and those of genotype 1 was 0.2- 4.6 %. In phylogenetic trees based on 400-nt and 519-nt sequences, all of the Croatian sequences clustered separately from the other sequences, revealing a new genotype.
Wild animals represent a constant source of Trichinella spp. infections for domestic animals and humans. To date, four species of Trichinella have been isolated in wild boar populations in Europe: T. ...pseudospiralis, T. spiralis, T. britovi and T. nativa, in addition to several mixed infection types and one hybrid formation between T. britovi and T. spiralis. Meanwhile, insufficiently thermally processed wild boar meat has been reported to be a source of trichinellosis in humans in several European countries. In Croatia, there have been no reported or proven cases of trichinellosis caused by wild boar meat consumption. The aim of this study was to obtain data on the prevalence of Trichinella species present in Croatia and to anticipated the potential risk of infection for humans in specific Croatian regions based on information obtained over an eight-year surveillance period. A veterinary inspection of wild boar carcasses for Trichinella larvae in Croatia has been mandatory since 1989, and the artificial digestion method was introduced as a compulsory test for wild boar samples in 2008. Based on the official data submitted to the Ministry of Agriculture, Directorate of Veterinary Services, in the period 2010–2017, 303 of 183,184 (0.17%) wild boar meat samples tested positive for Trichinella spp. Infected wild boar were found in 18 of 21 counties. Of these positive samples, 85 were submitted by the authorised veterinary inspectors to the National Reference Laboratory for further examination. The intensity of infection in muscle samples was 0.04–152.66 (mean: 23,37) larvae per gram, and Trichinella species were identified as T. spiralis, T. britovi, T. pseudospiralis and T. spiralis + T. britovi. Genetic analysis of T. pseudospiralis isolates demonstrated their belonging to the Palaearctic population.
•In the 2010-2017 period, 303 out of a total of 183,184 (0.17%) wild boar samples were found positive for Trichinella spp.•Involved Trichinella species were identified as T. spiralis, T. britovi, T. pseudospiralis and T. spiralis+T. britovi.•Genetic analyses of T. pseudospiralis isolates confirm their belonging to the Palaearctic population.•In Croatia, there have been no reported or proven cases of trichinellosis caused by wild boar meat consumption.•Inspection for Trichinella of shot wild boar carcasses in Croatia is mandatory since 1989.
This research gives an insight into the possibility of exploiting the one of the food industry's by‐products – pressed hemp cake. The complete recovery of oil from pressed hemp cake was achieved. ...Residual oil that remained in cake after pressing was extracted with supercritical CO₂ by applying different process parameters. Optimal extraction conditions were determined using response surface methodology. Total pigment contents of the oils obtained were determined. Extraction pressure had the most significant influence on yield and pigment content of extracted hemp cake oil. Depending on the pressure, the chlorophyll a content ranged from 101.11 to 378.28 mg kg⁻¹ and chlorophyll b from 65.14 to 189.78 mg kg⁻¹, while total carotene content was in the range from 33.58 to 132.67 mg kg⁻¹. The remaining oil in pressed hemp cake after supercritical CO₂ extraction was determined to be 0.56 ± 0.08% and the defatted cake was rich in proteins and fibre.
Epidemiologic monitoring of wild animals is always an important step in defining potential zoonoses that can threaten humans. Particular emphasis should be given to those zoonotic agents permanently ...cycling within wild animal populations and represent a permanent reservoir for other wild or domesticated animals that can be direct sources of disease for humans. In Croatia, there are two European jackal populations: the Dalmatian population (DP) that has been inhabiting the islands and coastal area along the Adriatic Sea since medieval times, and the South East European population (SEEP) that is found in continental Croatia. Research on Trichinella infections in jackal populations in Croatia was conducted from 2008 to 2022. During this 15-year period, we tested 186 jackal samples and confirmed infection in 47 individuals (25.3%). The dominant species was T. spiralis, identified in 28 samples (60%), T. britovi was found in 13 samples (28%), while for six samples (12%) the PCR test was unsuccessful. In both populations, the Trichinella species of the domestic cycle (T. spiralis) was found, though in varying ratios: in DP the ratio of identified species was 10:6 in favour of T. britovi, as opposed to 22:3 in favour of T. spiralis in SEEP. The frequency of infection with parasites from the genus Trichinella was significantly different in DP (22.9%) than in SEEP (26.7%) (p<0.001), while the larval count in analysed tissue did not differ by type of Trichinella species (p=0.1028). Infected jackals were found in nine of ten tested counties. The results were analysed statistically and the origin of tested and positive samples shown on a map of Croatia. Based on these findings, both jackal populations can be considered to represent an exceptionally important indicators of parasites from the genus Trichinella in Croatia, both for the sylvatic and domestic cycles. There is an evident need for epidemiological monitoring for members of both populations.
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From the middle of the 1950’s until his death, Miroslav Krleža (1893 – 1981) was the main sub-editor of the Encyclopaedia of Yugoslavia and the sub-editor of the Lexicography Institute Encyclopaedia. ...In this period he had dictated numerous critical remarks regarding the proposed content of entries for the editions of these encyclopaedias. These critical remarks are nowadays most frequently termed ‘Krleža’s marginalia’. In this paper I elaborate on Krleža’s attitudes towards Đuro Arnold’s (1853 – 1941) work, which he expressed in his marginalia. Out of all the philosophers who were his contemporaries, Arnold was the philosopher about whom Krleža most frequently disclosed his opinions. However, I also point to his attitudes regarding Arnold’s work which he wrote down in his other texts, thus enabling a complete insight into Krleža’s value judgements of Arnold’s work. Krleža wrote very critically about Arnold, especially about his poetry. Besides in the marginalia, this is also evident in all the texts in which he mentioned Arnold, starting with the text published in 1919 in the Plamen (Flame) journal, and ending with the text published in 1957 in the book Deset krvavih godina (Ten bloody years). Krleža was of the opinion that the ‘legend’ of Arnold’s ‘greatness’ is unfoundedly passed on ‘from generation to generation’, since his poems were to a large extent ‘unsuccessful variations’. What is more, he believed that Arnold’s poetry could cause nothing more than ‘incurable migraine’ among readers, that it was worthless, even ‘unintelligent’, and that it was also reactionary, which Krleža resented the most.
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