Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face a rapid change in the nutrition transition toward increases in noncommunicable diseases. Underlying this transition are shifts in the agricultural system ...and the subsequent growth of the modern retail and food service sectors across all regions and countries, a change in technology affecting physical activity and inactivity, mass media access, urbanization, and penetration of modern food systems into all societies. The resulting major shifts in diet are toward increased refined carbohydrates, added sweeteners, edible oils, and animal-source foods and reduced legumes, other vegetables, and fruits. Most countries are seeing increases in body mass index (BMI), overweight, and waist circumference (WC), and an increased WC-BMI ratio appears to be emerging in many regions. The implications of these rapidly changing diets and body compositions include the prevalence and severity of diabetes in LMICs.
Evidence suggests that excessive intake of added sugars has adverse effects on cardiometabolic health, which is consistent with many reviews and consensus reports from WHO and other unbiased sources. ...74% of products in the US food supply contain caloric or low-calorie sweeteners, or both. Of all packaged foods and beverages purchased by a nationally representative sample of US households in 2013, 68% (by proportion of calories) contain caloric sweeteners and 2% contain low-calorie sweeteners. We believe that in the absence of intervention, the rest of the world will move towards this pervasiveness of added sugars in the food supply. Our analysis of trends in sales of sugar-sweetened beverages around the world, in terms of calories sold per person per day and volume sold per person per day, shows that the four regions with the highest consumption are North America, Latin America, Australasia, and western Europe. The fastest absolute growth in sales of sugar-sweetened beverages by country in 2009-14 was seen in Chile. We believe that action is needed to tackle the high levels and continuing growth in sales of such beverages worldwide. Many governments have initiated actions to reduce consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages in the past few years, including taxation (eg, in Mexico); reduction of their availability in schools; restrictions on marketing of sugary foods to children; public awareness campaigns; and positive and negative front-of-pack labelling. In our opinion, evidence of the effectiveness of these actions shows that they are moving in the right direction, but governments should view them as a learning process and improve their design over time. A key challenge for policy makers and researchers is the absence of a consensus on the relation of beverages containing low-calorie sweeteners and fruit juices with cardiometabolic outcomes, since decisions about whether these are healthy substitutes for sugar-sweetened beverages are an integral part of policy design.
The double burden of malnutrition (DBM), defined as the simultaneous manifestation of both undernutrition and overweight and obesity, affects most low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). This ...Series paper describes the dynamics of the DBM in LMICs and how it differs by socioeconomic level. This Series paper shows that the DBM has increased in the poorest LMICs, mainly due to overweight and obesity increases. Indonesia is the largest country with a severe DBM, but many other Asian and sub-Saharan African countries also face this problem. We also discuss that overweight increases are mainly due to very rapid changes in the food system, particularly the availability of cheap ultra-processed food and beverages in LMICs, and major reductions in physical activity at work, transportation, home, and even leisure due to introductions of activity-saving technologies. Understanding that the lowest income LMICs face severe levels of the DBM and that the major direct cause is rapid increases in overweight allows identifying selected crucial drivers and possible options for addressing the DBM at all levels.
Introduction Le diabète de type 1 est à présent connu et pris en charge gratuitement par le Partenariat changer l’avenir des enfants diabétiques en Guinée. Le programme a organisé quatre colonies de ...vacances. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer la colonie de vacances comme outil éducation thérapeutique des enfants et adolescents diabétiques. Patients et méthodes L’étude a concerné 46 enfants diabétiques suivis au CHU de Donka-Conakry et dans les unités régionales de Diabétologie. Un questionnaire a été soumis aux enfants au début et à la fin de la colonie, et un bilan réalisé. Le diagnostic éducatif posé par les soignants en charge des enfants avant la colonie a été comparé à celui fait par les soignants au cours de la colonie. Résultats L’âge moyen des sujets était de 15,6 ± 3,2 ans 9-21 et le sex-ratio était de 1,15. La moyenne de l’hémoglobine glyquée (HbA1C) était 8,2 ± 2,8 % 4-14. Le diagnostic éducatif pré-colonie était comparable à celui observé pendant la colonie. La colonie de vacances a permis une amélioration des connaissances des enfants sur les risques de complications sur l’artériopathie (30,4 % vs 90 %), la rétinopathie (34,7 % vs 91,3 %), la cardiopathie (8,6 % vs 65,2 %) ; sur la ges-tion de l’hypoglycémie (78,2 vs 95, 6 %). Conclusion Les résultats de cette étude indiquent que la colonie de vacance a eu un impact positif sur les connaissances des enfants diabétiques sur les risques de complication et sur leurs compétences dans la gestion des hypoglycémies. Audelà du partenariat en cours, ce type d’activités mérite d’être pérennisé prioritairement. Déclaration d’intérêt Les auteurs déclarent ne pas avoir d’intérêt direct ou indirect (financier ou en nature) avec un organisme privé, industriel ou commercial en relation avec le sujet présenté.
The Dicke model in quantum optics: Dicke model revisited Garraway, Barry M.
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences,
03/2011, Letnik:
369, Številka:
1939
Journal Article
Recenzirano
A short review of recent developments of the Dicke model in quantum optics is presented. The focus is on the model in a cavity at zero temperature and in the rotating wave approximation. Topics ...discussed include spectroscopie structures, the giant quantum oscillator, entanglement and phase transitions.
•Food value chain LMIC control shifting to retailers, the CPG food sector, agribusinesses.•Processed, packaged foods/beverages rapidly reaching food insecure and overweight populations.•53% of ...kcal/cap in Mexico, 30% of calories in China come from processed or packaged foods/beverages.•These changes pose a major challenge to the food system and to the health of the poor.
The entire food value chain and diet of low and middle income countries (LMICs) are rapidly shifting. Many of the issues addressed by the nutrition community ignore some of the major underlying shifts in purchases of consumer packaged foods and beverages. At the same time, the drivers of the food system at the farm level might be changing. There is a need for the agriculture and nutrition communities to understand these changes and focus on some of their implications for health. This rapid growth of the retail sector will change the diets of the food insecure as much as that of the food secure across rural and urban LMIC’s. This short commentary contents that current research, programs and policies are ignoring these rapid dynamic shifts.
Sulfones are flexible functional groups that can act as nucleophiles, electrophiles, or even radicals. Changing the reaction conditions can completely alter the reactivity of a sulfonyl group, and as ...a result, molecules bearing multiple sulfones are versatile building blocks. This Review highlights the unique ability of 1,1‐ and 1,2‐bis(sulfones) to masquerade as a vast array of reactive synthons including methane polyanions, vinyl cations, and all‐carbon dipoles that would be difficult or impossible to access directly.
Chemical chameleons: Sulfones are extremely versatile functional groups. Depending on the reaction conditions, a molecule containing a sulfone can be transformed into a nucleophile, an electrophile, a radical, or some combination of the three. This remarkable flexibility enables geminal and vicinal bis(sulfones) to masquerade as synthons that would be difficult or impossible to access directly and makes them invaluable as synthetic linchpins.
PDF
