The author analyses the provisions on responsibility for the death and physical injury of passengers in rail transport after the implementation of the agreement on rail transport in relation to ...domestic legal regulations. After the accession of the Republic of Croatia to the European Union on 1 July 2013, in the domestic transport of passengers the provisions of the Regulation (EC) No 1371/2007 of 23 October 2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council on rail passengers’ rights and obligations are applicable. They are entirely implemented in the Croatian legislation. The analysis of the question of passenger responsibility in the aforementioned loss is done through the analysis of: legal sources, both international and national; agreement on passenger transport; general provisions on the responsibility of rail carrier, and the responsibility of rail carrier for death and physical injury of passengers. Particular attention is paid to the insurance of the rail carrier’s liability and to the direct action. The author concludes that the Republic of Croatia has harmonized its legislation with international unification instruments and the law of the European Union in the area of rail passenger transport; this has greatly contributed to the modernization of Croatian contractual transport law.
Autorica u radu analizira odredbe o odgovornosti prijevoznika za smrt i tjelesne ozljede putnika koje nastanu tijekom realizacije ugovora o prijevozu željeznicom u odnosu na domaće pravne propise. ...Nakon ulaska Republike Hrvatske u Europsku uniju (u daljnjem tekstu EU) 1. srpnja 2013. na domaći prijevoz putnika primjenjuju se odredbe Uredbe (EC) 1371/2007 Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća o pravima i obvezama putnika u željezničkom prometu (u daljnjem tekstu Uredba 1371/2007)1 koje su u cijelosti implementirane u hrvatsko zakonodavstvo. Obrada pitanja odgovornosti prijevoznika za navedene štete izvršena je kroz prikaz i analizu: pravnih izvora, međunarodnih i domaćih, ugovora o prijevozu putnika, općih odredaba o odgovornosti prijevoznika, odgovornosti prijevoznika za smrt i tjelesne ozljede putnika. Posebnu pozornost posvećuje institutu osiguranja od odgovornosti prijevoznika i izravnoj tužbi. Autorica zaključuje da je Republika Hrvatska uskladila svoje zakonodavstvo s međunarodnim unifikacijskim instrumentima i pravom EU iz područja željezničkog putničkog prijevoza, što je uvelike doprinijelo osuvremenjivanju hrvatskog ugovornog prijevoznog prava.
The author analyses the provisions on responsibility for the death and physical injury of passengers in rail transport after the implementation of the agreement on rail transport in relation to ...domestic legal regulations. After the accession of the Republic of Croatia to the European Union on 1 July 2013, in the domestic transport of passengers the provisions of the Regulation (EC) No 1371/2007 of 23 October 2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council on rail passengers' rights and obligations are applicable. They are entirely implemented in the Croatian legislation. The analysis of the question of passenger responsibility in the aforementioned loss is done through the analysis of: legal sources, both international and national; agreement on passenger transport; general provisions on the responsibility of rail carrier, and the responsibility of rail carrier for death and physical injury of passengers. Particular attention is paid to the insurance of the rail carrier's liability and to the direct action. The author concludes thatthe Republic of Croatia has harmonised its legislation with international unification instruments and the law of the European Union in the area of rail passenger transport; this has greatly contributed to the modernisation of Croatian contractual transport law.
This paper is dedicated to the analysis of significant provisions of Directive (EU) 2015/2302 of the European Parliament and Council of 25 November 2015 on travel in package travel and linked travel ...arrangements on the amendments to Regulation (EZ) no. 2006/2004 and Directive 2011/83/EU of the European Parliament and Council and the revoking of Council Directive 90/314/EEZ, the application of which regulating the contract on organised travel will be harmonised with contemporary development of the market of organised travel. With the growing trend of online sale of tourist package arrangements and other tourist services, the way travellers organise their travel has changed. In the tourist market together with classic in advanced prepared, package-arrangements, travellers are offered untraditional forms (combined package arrangements, linked travel arrangements). As the mentioned forms are not included in the existing regulation of organised travel, the intervention of the European Legislature was necessary, with the aim of their legal regulation and establishing the balance in the interests of protection of the public interests and mutual competition of business subjects by establishing equitable conditions for all operators determining which are the forms of tourist services protected by EU rules on organised travel. The author in particular dedicates special attention to the relation of the new Directive with other EU rules regulating certain aspects of travel services with the conceptual organisation of package travel and linked travel arrangements, with the characteristics related to the law, obligations and subject liability of the business relationship. She concludes that the new Directive as a modern legal instrument also represents the official entry of tourism into the digital age with the introduction of the online system for the sale and untraditional package arrangements with significant legal effects after its transposition into national legislations.
In the begining of year 2008 Croatian maritime legislator gave two important (executive regulations) statutes. The first is Statute of survey organizations for ship inspection and certify of ships ...which follows Council Directive 94/57/EC of 22 November 1994 on common rules and standards for ship inspection and survey organization and for the relevant activities of maritime administrations, Commission Directive 97/58/EC of 26 September 1997 amending Council Directive on common rules and standards for ship inspection and survey organization and for the relevant activities of maritime administrations , Directive 2001/105/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 December 2001 amending Council Directive 94/57/EC on common rules and standards for ship inspection and survey organization and for the relevant activities of maritime administrations and Directive 2002/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 November 2002 amending the Directives on maritime safety and the prevention of pollution from ships. The second statute is Statute of marine equipment which follows Council Directive 96/98/EC of 20 December 1996 on marine equipment.
The authors of this article analyze the European and Croatian legal solutions achieving effective management of marine waste in Croatian marinas, ports of nautical tourism. It was carried out a ...comparison of legal norms regarding the availability and use of port waste facilities in the Croatian subordinate legislation regulating the conditions to be met by the port in order to protect the marine environment from pollution (Decree on conditions to be met from the port of 2004); lays down minimum requirements to be met by the marina in relation to infrastructure and waste management (Regulation on the classification and categorization ports of nautical tourism from 1999; Regulation on the classification and categorization ports of nautical tourism from 2008) and transferred solutions Directive 2000/59/EC on port reception facilities for ship-generated waste in the legal system of the Republic of Croatia (Regulation on the conditions and method of maintaining order in ports and on other parts of internal waters and territorial sea of the Republic of Croatia from 2017). The authors have analyzed the national strategic documents (Study on Nautical Tourism Development 2015; Strategy for Maritime Development and Integrated Maritime Policy of the Republic of Croatia for the period 2014-2020; Tourism Development Strategy for the Republic of Croatia 2020; Croatian Nautical Tourism Development Strategy 2009-2019; Strategy for Sustainable Development of the Republic of Croatia from 2009 etc.) and European strategic guidelines (Evaluation of Directive 2000/59/EC on port reception facilities for ship-generated waste 2016; Guidelines for the interpretation of Directive 2000/59/EC from 2016 etc.) that emphasize the necessary improvement in the availability and use of port facilities for the reception of ship waste in order to improve protection of the marine environment. Pointing to the EMSA studies which shows that in 55% of the EU Member States waste reduction plans have not been developed or implemented (in particular and recreational ports), the authors point to the duty of EU Member States provide an appropriate legal framework for the proper functioning of the port reception facilities and marina operator's liability in equipping marinas with appropriate port reception facilities and equipment for the reception of ship waste by ensuring their availability, suitability and simplicity of use.
In this paper, the author analyses the provisions of the Obligations and Legal Relations in Air Transport Act of 1998 in the Republic of Croatia, as amended in 2008 and 2009. Also analysed are the ...responsibilities of air carriers in the case of death and physical injury to passengers, which are created when a contract on passenger transport is formed. Examination of the issue of carrier responsibility for the above mentioned losses is implemented in relation to: international unification of instruments, characteristics of Croatian legislation, general provisions of carrier responsibility, carrier responsibility for their employees' and plenipotentiaries' actions, and carrier responsibility in the case of death of and physical injury to passengers. Particular importance is given to the institution of payment in advance and to insurance against responsibility of air carriers. The author concludes that the Republic of Croatia has harmonised its national legislation with the provisions of the Montreal Convention of 1999 and with the law of the European Union within which process is the Republic of Croatia's Obligations and Legal Relations in Air Transport Act of 1998. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji, autorica razmatra problematiku odgovornosti prijevoznika za smrt i tjelesne ozljede putnika u pomorskom prijevozu, unutarnjoj plovidbi, zračnom, cestovnom te ...željezničkom prijevozu u odnosu na međunarodne konvencije, hrvatske nacionalne propise te propise EU. U uređenju predmetne materije i na međunarodnoj i nacionalnoj razini zapažamo tendenciju, s jedne strane povećanja iznosa na ime naknade štete u korist korisnika usluga dok je s druge strane prijevoznik zaštićen na način da je gubitak prava na ograničenje odgovornosti tek namjera ili dolus eventualis. S tim u vezi je i funkcija osiguranja od odgovornosti prijevoznika koja se također temelji na načelima ograničenja odgovornosti. Uvodi se institut izravne tužbe (actio directa) prema kojem se oštećenik za naknadu štete može izravno obratiti osiguratelju i dobiti satisfakciju u granicama odgovornosti prijevoznika. Posebno smo istaknuli rad na unifikaciji prijevoznog prava u odnosu na ugovore o prijevozu putnika i utvrdili da je snažno prisutan gotovo sto godina (Varšavska konvencija iz 1929. god.). Noviji međunarodni instrumenti uvode dvostupanjski sustav odgovornosti što je značajna novost u prijevoznom pravu. U prvom stupnju prijevoznik odgovara objektivno na temelju uzročnosti a u drugom stupnju njegova odgovornost temelji se na pretpostavljenoj krivnji (Montrealska konvencija iz 1999. god. te Atenska konvencija iz 2002. god.).
Posebna pozornost posvećena je usklađenosti nacionalnih pravnih propisa s međunarodnim konvencijama kao i propisima EU. Nacionalni propisi u velikoj mjeri zadovoljavaju međunarodne pravne standarde. Propisi EU kao poseban pravni sustav u cijelosti implementiraju rješenja međunarodnih konvencija u pogledu odgovornosti prijevoznika za smrt i tjelesne ozljede putnika čime se postiže visok stupanj unifikacije a time i kvalitetnija pravna zaštita u postupcima naknade štete.
U cjelini uzevši možemo zaključiti da je u području odgovornosti pravno najuređenija grana zračnog prijevoza u međunarodnom i domaćem pravu. Moramo naglasiti nužnost revizije međunarodne konvencije za cestovni prijevoz putnika te donošenje novog međunarodnog instrumetna koji bi regulirao prijevoz putnika unutarnjim vodama. Što se tiče hrvatskog zakonodavstva prijeko je potrebno donijeti novi propis iz područja cestovnog prijevoza i prijevoza unutarnjim vodama. Autorica se ujedno zalaže za ujednačen sustav odgovornosti odnosno istu pravnu poziciju prijevoznika i putnika u svim granama prijevoza. Krajnji cilj pravnog uređenja ovog važnog instituta jest poboljšanje postojećih pravnih rješenja na način njihove prilagodbe zahtjevima i potrebama suvremenog načina života te se pro futuro predlaže inzistiranje na širokoj prihvaćenosti međunarodnopravnih rješenja što je uvjet uspješnog odvijanja i daljnjeg razvoja prijevozne djelatnosti kao i veće sigurnosti za ostvarivanja prava na naknadu štete u korist oštećenika.
U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji, autorica razmatra problematiku odgovornosti prijevoznika za smrt i tjelesne ozljede putnika u pomorskom prijevozu, unutarnjoj plovidbi, zračnom, cestovnom te željezničkom prijevozu u odnosu na međunarodne konvencije, hrvatske nacionalne propise te propise EU. U uređenju predmetne materije i na međunarodnoj i nacionalnoj razini zapažamo tendenciju, s jedne strane povećanja iznosa na ime naknade štete u korist korisnika usluga dok je s druge strane prijevoznik zaštićen na način da je gubitak prava na ograničenje odgovornosti tek namjera ili dolus eventualis. S tim u vezi je i funkcija osiguranja od odgovornosti prijevoznika koja se također temelji na načelima ograničenja odgovornosti. Uvodi se institut izravne tužbe (actio directa) prema kojem se oštećenik za naknadu štete može izravno obratiti osiguratelju i dobiti satisfakciju u granicama odgovornosti prijevoznika. Posebno smo istaknuli rad na unifikaciji prijevoznog prava u odnosu na ugovore o prijevozu putnika i utvrdili da je snažno prisutan gotovo sto godina (Varšavska konvencija iz 1929. god.). Noviji međunarodni instrumenti uvode dvostupanjski sustav odgovornosti što je značajna novost u prijevoznom pravu. U prvom stupnju prijevoznik odgovara objektivno na temelju uzročnosti a u drugom stupnju njegova odgovornost temelji se na pretpostavljenoj krivnji (Montrealska konvencija iz 1999. god. te Atenska konvencija iz 2002. god.).
Posebna pozornost posvećena je usklađenosti nacionalnih pravnih propisa s međunarodnim konvencijama kao i propisima EU. Nacionalni propisi u velikoj mjeri zadovoljavaju međunarodne pravne standarde. Propisi EU kao poseban pravni sustav u cijelosti implementiraju rješenja međunarodnih konvencija u pogledu odgovornosti prijevoznika za smrt i tjelesne ozljede putnika čime se postiže visok stupanj unifikacije a time i kvalitetnija pravna zaštita u postupcima naknade štete.
U cjelini uzevši možemo zaključiti da je u području odgovornosti pravno najuređenija grana zračnog prijevoza u međunarodnom i domaćem pravu. Moramo naglasiti nužnost revizije međunarodne konvencije za cestovni prijevoz putnika te donošenje novog međunarodnog instrumetna koji bi regulirao prijevoz putnika unutarnjim vodama. Što se tiče hrvatskog zakonodavstva prijeko je potrebno donijeti novi propis iz područja cestovnog prijevoza i prijevoza unutarnjim vodama. Autorica se ujedno zalaže za ujednačen sustav odgovornosti odnosno istu pravnu poziciju prijevoznika i putnika u svim granama prijevoza. Krajnji cilj pravnog uređenja ovog važnog instituta jest poboljšanje postojećih pravnih rješenja na način njihove prilagodbe zahtjevima i potrebama suvremenog načina života te se pro futuro predlaže inzistiranje na širokoj prihvaćenosti međunarodnopravnih rješenja što je uvjet uspješnog odvijanja i daljnjeg razvoja prijevozne djelatnosti kao i veće sigurnosti za ostvarivanja prava na naknadu štete u korist oštećenika.
In this doctoral thesis, the problem areas of carrier responsibility for death and physical injury to passengers in sea transport, domestic navigation, air, and road and rail transport are analysed in relation to international conventions, Croatian regulations and the regulations of the EU. In ordering the subject matter, both at an international and national level, we noted the tendency, on the one hand to increase the amount of compensation in the service user's favour while on the other hand the carrier is protected in such a way that that the loss of rights to limited liability is just intention or dolus eventualis. Related to this is the function of insurance against carrier responsibility which is also based on the principles of limited liability. The institute of direct lawsuits (actio directa) where the injured party can directly approach the insurer and gain satisfaction within the limits of carrier responsibility is also introduced
Particularly, work on the unification of transport law in relation to passenger transport contract is emphasised. We also established that it has been powerfully present for almost 100 years (Warsaw Convention of 1929). More recent international instruments have introduced a two-tier system of responsibility which is significantly new in transport law. At the first level, the carrier is responsible objectively on the basis of causality and at the second level responsibility is based on presumed guilt. (Montreal Convention of 1999 and the Athens Convention of 2002).
Particular attention is paid to the harmonisation of national legal regulations from international conventions as well as those of the EU. National regulations to a great extent satisfy international legal standards. EU regulations as a special legal system within the overall implemented solutions of international conventions regarding the responsibility of carriers for the death and physical injury to passengers by which a high level of unification is achieved and consequently there is more quality legal protection in compensation procedure.
Overall, we can conclude that in the area of responsibility the most legally regulated branch is air transport both in domestic and international law. The necessity for review of the international convention for road transport is emphasised as well as the bringing in of new international instruments which would regulate passenger transport in domestic waters. As far as Croatian legislation is concerned, it is absolutely necessary to enact new regulations in the area of road transport and transport in domestic waters. The author also purports a unified system of responsibility, that is, the same legal position for both carrier and passenger in all areas of transport.
The final aim of legal regulation of this important institute is the improvement of existing legal solutions so that they are adapted to the demands and needs of our modern way of life and pro futuro it is suggested that international solutions be widely accepted which is the precondition for successful transport activity and development and to increasing assure that the injured party achieves rights to compensation.
Na početku 2008. god. hrvatski pomorski zakonodavac donio je dva bitna pravilnika: Pravilnik o priznatim organizacijama za nadzor, pregled i certifikaciju brodova i Pravilnik o pomorskoj opremi. ...Navedeni akti slijede rješenja europske pravne stečevine i to Direktive Vijeća 94/57/EZ od 22. studenog 1994. kako je izmjenjena i dopunjena Direktivama 97/58 EZ, 2001/105 EZ i 2002/84/EZ o zajedničkim pravilima i normama za organizacije koje obavljaju nadzor i pregled brodova i za odgovarajuće aktivnosti pomorskih uprava (prvi pravilnik), odnosno Direktive Vijeća 96/98/EZ od 20. prosinca 1996. god. o pomorskoj opremi (drugi pravilnik).
