Abstract
Cases in the intellectual property rights (IPR)–Competition Law intersection have raised the issue of costs of enforcement of IPRs when dealing with the assessment of whether competition law ...has been breached. Importantly, a systematic underestimation of enforcement costs may be problematic for the protection of underlying investments behind intellectual property as well as obstruct the cooperation between an IPR holder and its licensees, in particular as regards patent rights. Cases on reverse payments indicate that payments by a patent holder to a generic manufacturer under a settlement agreement may well be legitimate in order avoid enforcement costs while not restricting competition. The hard stance on no-challenge clauses and termination clauses under the technology transfer block exemption regulation (TTBER) can destabilize the relation between two parties that would benefit from increased certainty when cooperating to commercialize new technology. In cases regarding the failure of parties to agree on fair and reasonable and non-discriminatory-licensing of standard essential patents, a correct approach has probably been taken in Huawei. However, it is doubtful to what extent the judgment is based upon a balancing exercise that explicitly factors in enforcements cost. Accordingly, it is argued that the current framework of analysis of cases in the intersection is inadequate to proper assess enforcement costs of IPRs.
EU Competition Litigation Strand, Magnus; Bastidas, Vladimir; Iacovides, Marios C
2019, 2019-05-16
eBook, Conference Proceeding
Odprti dostop
All EU Member States have now transposed Directive 2014/104/EU on damages actions for breaches of competition law into national law. The Directive (and the soft-law instruments accompanying it) not ...only marks a new phase for private enforcement of competition law but also, more generally, provides a novel and thought provoking instance of EU harmonisation of aspects of private law and civil litigation. Following up on a previous volume in the Swedish Studies in European Law series, published in 2016, this open access book offers contributions from top practitioners and scholars from all over Europe, who present and discuss first experiences from the implementation of the new damages regime in various jurisdictions. Topics covered include theoretical and practical reflections on the state of private enforcement in Europe, the balancing of conflicting interests pertaining to public and private enforcement of competition law respectively, and specific legal issues such as causation and the estimation of harm. The authors explore problems solved, problems created, and future challenges in the new regime of private enforcement of competition law in Europe, offering predictions as to issues that may have to be settled through recourse to the European Court of Justice. The eBook editions of this book are available open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence on bloomsburycollections.com. Open access was funded by the Swedish Studies Network.
Services and goods in the new economy, such as social media platforms and applications, are often offered to end-consumers for “free”. This may cause problems for the application of traditional ...antitrust doctrines, such as tying or other forms of leveraging, which normally have been applied to products and services offered at a price. As illustrated by the Microsoft I decision (Windows Media Player), it is not self-evident that the bundling of an application with an operating system results in coercion, the pressure to consume the “tied” product, if consumers have a de facto possibility to download competing products for free. Moreover, the availability of competing products for free may also affect the long-term effects in the market, as both the existing customer base and new customers may easily shift their consumption, which decreases potential “lock-in” effects. This propensity and capability of customers to choose products or services other than the predefined “default” option, e.g. by being included in a bundle, was also relevant in the recent Google decision (Shopping), which concerned the company’s preferential placement of its own advertising messages in internet searches. In both Microsoft I and the Google decision, it was found that consumers were unable to choose products and services other than the default option, so-called consumer inertia. Consumer inertia has been explained both by the traditional law and economics literature and behavioural economics with switching costs, information costs and the status quo bias. Accordingly, this article explores the concept of consumer inertia in the light of the law and economics literature, in particular behavioural economics, to determine the factors which are relevant for establishing the presence of consumer inertia in individual antitrust cases concerning the new economy. Moreover, the article evaluates to what extent the use of consumer inertia in cases from the Union courts and the Commission is consistent with economic theory.
El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la competitividad de las Cooperativas de Ahorro y Crédito en Santo Domingo. En este contexto, se aplicó una investigación de campo para obtener un nivel ...descriptivo fiable. Los factores evaluados fueron seleccionados del mapa del BID, además, se diseñó un muestreo no probabilístico de tipo oportunista; en este sentido, el tamaño de la muestra fue (n=11). Los resultados permitieron conocer el nivel competitivo de las cooperativas, el cual se encuentra en un nivel: bueno, sin embargo, dos entidades presentaron problemas. Finalmente, se pudo determinar que, la competitividad de las cooperativas que se encuentran operando en la ciudad es muy alta y fruto de esto, estas entidades han dinamizado la economía local.
Este trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivoprincipal mejorar el estilo de vida de las personas,especialmente de quienes tienen algún tipo dediscapacidad física, y por tal razón se les hace ...muycomplicado realizar actividades de limpieza. Paracumplir con este objetivo, se ha creado el prototipo deuna aspiradora robótica autónoma llamada YOLIMPIO,para realizar proceso de limpieza a baja escala en loshogares y oficinas. Para este propósito, se utilizaronhardware y software de inteligencia artificial, manejadosen robótica. En cuanto a hardware, para el mecanismode movimiento se utilizó placas electrónicas Arduino,sensores de movimiento, cámaras y demás dispositivosde bajo costo. En cuanto al software, se utilizó el queviene embebido en las placas Arduino, por medio delcual se configuraron y programaron cada uno de loscomponentes electrónicos. Para la etapa de prueba yerror, se utilizó el simulador PROTEUS. Ya en la etapade prueba se constata que la aspiradora por medio desensores, puede detectar y absorber los desperdiciosesparcidos en el piso, puede detectar si está próximaa un obstáculo o próxima a un final de pista o pisofirme, si ya no hay basura para recoger, si está con bajonivel de energía se dirigirá a la fuente de energía pararecargarse las veces que sea necesario. En conclusión,se puede afirmar que con software libre y hardware debajo costo, disponible en el mercado, se puede construirun robot de servicio de alta tecnología y de alto impactosocial.
Segundo Seminario Binacional López Ortega, Antonieta Alexandra; Bastidas Guerrón, Jeaneth Lucía; Acosta Bolaños, Dalton Vladimir
2018
eBook
La UPEC, juntamente con el Banco de la República Agencia Cultural Ipiales, desarrolló el II Seminario Binacional "Memorias del Pueblo Pasto", en el que las costumbres, tradiciones e identidad fueron ...las protagonistas. Este libro compila los textos presentados en dicho evento.
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