MAKING CITIES INTEROPERABLE IN TURKEY Bayraktar, H.; Bayar, D. Y.; Bilgin, G.
International archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences.,
12/2021, Letnik:
XLVI-4/W5-2021
Journal Article, Conference Proceeding
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The population of cities is increasing rapidly day by day, and it is predicted that this increase will continue in the following years. Accordingly, population growth creates a significant pressure ...in many different domains of cities such as infrastructure, traffic, energy, and environment. Smart cities come forward as a useful option to struggle with the pressure on cities caused by overwhelming population growth and to make cities liveable and sustainable. Smart city approach creates gains in the fields of sustainable development, competitiveness and environmental sustainability with its ability to transform information into economic, social and environmental benefits. However, smart city services and applications are mostly designed as independent and unrelated units so this approach causes isolated and heterogeneous data and technology islands. As the result, data flow problem occurs between vertical applications and service suppliers, and this interoperability problem causes emergence of independent silos in smart cities. Such silos hinders data integration, prevent citizens and public administrations benefit fully from smart cities, and cause vendor lock-in. In order to use the full potential of smart city approach, it’s vital to secure interoperability systems and applications of smart cities. In this study, interoperability terms and their necessity for smart city ecosystem will be addressed. Afterwards, Smart City Interoperability Model’s (SCIM) contributions to semantic, technical and operational interoperability will be discussed.
Cities are facing numerous challenges because of the unprecedented growth of population all over the world. In this context, smart city stands out as a viable option to improve quality of life. Smart ...city, with its ability to transform the information into economic, social and environmental benefits, offers acquisitions in the fields of sustainable development, competitiveness and environmental sustainability. However, the cost of implementing and maintaining smart city applications on a large scale reveals the necessity to choose the right smart city application at the beginning of smart city transformation. In order to determine which smart city application should be used in smart city domain, the current situation and needs of the city should be analysed effectively. Maturity assessment can be used as a tool to understand the existing conditions of a city. In this study, Turkey's smart city approach will be addressed and Smart City Maturity Assessment Model of Turkey will be introduced with the preparation and implementation process. Consequently, the impact of the Smart City Maturity Assessment Model on selection of smart city applications will be discussed with the result of maturity assessment which is implemented on 4 cities of Turkey.
Nowadays, cities need sustainable approaches that take care of the future in order to meet the needs that arise with population activity. Accordingly, for making cities more livable, the necessity of ...ensuring efficient use of urban sources and planning urban infrastructures brings the smart city concept into the forefront. The smart city solutions are frequently applied by many local governments and stakeholders. For this reason, there is a need to support the collaboration of all relevant actors and to provide a common national strategic perspective among smart city stakeholders. In the Strategic Plan of the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, the objectives of smart cities and national geographic information services are determined as “to make infrastructure works in order to establish smart cities, to improve the spatial management in cities with the help of technology, to share data to improve public services and to be the focus of national geographical information” and studies on these objectives have been completed. Accordingly, the “2020–2023 National Smart Cities Strategy and Action Plan” has been prepared in order to establish a national strategic view on smart cities and draw a road map under the policy ownership of the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. By the implementation of this strategy and action plan with the vision of "Livable and Sustainable Cities that Add Value to Life", a new process of transformation and change will be provided to cities that take care of the real needs of citizens, adopting participatory governance by using resources effectively.
We evaluated how efficacious indomethacin, at two different doses, is in the treatment of an experimental model of sinusitis in rats.
Twenty-one Wistar albino rats (all male) were sorted at random ...into one of three groups: 1st group (n=7) was placebo. 2nd group (n=7). These rats had sinusitis induced experimentally, following indomethacin 3 mg/kg, 5 days was administered to them. 3rd group (n=7). These rats had sinusitis induced experimentally, following indomethacin 6 mg/kg, 5 days was administered to them. The animals' sinonasal mucosae were examined histopathologically by standard light microscopy.
Experimental sinusitis was observed in the 2nd and 3rd groups, but not in the rats administered a placebo. Although the inflammatory features of sinusitis were found to be significantly decreased in the animals administered indomethacin 3 mg/kg (the 2nd group), this anti-inflammatory effect was even greater in the 3rd group, where indomethacin 6 mg/kg had been administered. Indomethacin at either dose was superior to placebo in reducing inflammatory features of sinusitis.
Topical use of indomethacin nasal drops decreased the inflammatory features in experimentally induced acute sinusitis. Moreover, a higher dose of indomethacin (6 mg/kg) was more efficacious than a lower dose (3 mg/kg). The present study is valuable as an initial step in showing the need to undertake human trials to see the effect of indomethacin nasal drops on sinusitis in humans. In acute rhinosinusitis, the use of topical anti-inflammatory drops may help to decrease the symptoms and may be used adjunctively with antibiotic treatment.
A start-to-end optimization simulation toolkit for the CLIC positron source has been developed using multiple simulation codes to model adequately different areas of the positron source. The positron ...source includes the targets using channeling and pair-production processes, the adiabatic matching device and the pre-injector and injector linacs. The primary electron beams with energies of 5 GeV and 3 GeV are optimized with this toolkit as well as the target parameters. Finally rf parameters or the linear accelerators are optimized involving a particle tracking code. Using this approach the yield of the CLIC positron source has been increased by a factor 2 resulting in significant cost savings.
Our understanding of the effects of temperature on granulosa cell (GC) physiology is primarily limited to in vitro studies conducted under atmospheric (∼20% O2) conditions. In the current series of ...factorial experiments we identify important effects of O2 level (i.e. 5% vs 20% O2) on GC viability and steroidogenesis, and go onto report effects of standard (37.5 °C) vs high (40.0 °C) temperatures under more physiologically representative (i.e. 5%) O2 levels in the presence of different levels of melatonin (0, 20, 200 and 2000 pg/ml); a potent free-radical scavenger and abundant molecule within the ovarian follicle. Cells aspirated from antral (4–6 mm) follicles were cultured in fibronectin-coated wells using serum-free M199 for up to 144 h. At 37.5 °C viable cell number was enhanced and luteinization reduced under 5 vs 20% O2. Oxygen level interacted (P < 0.001) with time in culture to affect aromatase activity and cell estradiol (E2) production (pg/mL/105 cells). These decreased between 48 and 96 h for both O2 levels but increased again by 144 h for cells cultured under 5% but not 20% O2. Progesterone (P4) concentration (ng/mL/105 cells) was greater (P < 0.001) under 20 vs 5% O2 at 96 and 144 h. Cell number increased (P < 0.01) with time in culture under 5% O2 irrespective of temperature. However, higher doses of melatonin increased viable cell number at 40.0 °C but reduced viable cell number at 37.5 °C (P = 0.004). Melatonin also reduced (P < 0.001) ROS generation at both O2 levels across all concentrations. E2 increased with time in culture at both temperatures under 5% O2, however P4 declined between 96 and 144 h at 40.0 but not 37.5 °C. Furthermore, melatonin interacted (P < 0.001) with temperature in a dose dependent manner to increase P4 at 37.5 °C but to reduce P4 at 40.0 °C. Transcript expression for HSD3B1 paralleled temporal changes in P4 production, and those for HBA were greater at 5% than 20% O2, suggesting that hemoglobin synthesis is responsive to changes in O2 level. In conclusion, 5% O2 enhances GC proliferation and reduces luteinization. Elevated temperatures under 5% O2 reduce GC proliferation and P4 production. Melatonin reduces ROS generation irrespective of O2 level and temperature, but interacts with temperature in a dose dependent manner to influence GC proliferation and luteinization.
•Granulosa cells cultured under 5% than 20% O2 better retain primary phenotype.•Culturing granulosa cells under 5% than 20% O2 lessens impact of heat stress.•Melatonin interacts with temperature to affect cell number and progesterone at 5% O2.
Short-term peripheral venous catheters-related bloodstream infections (PVCR-BSIs) rates have not been systematically studied, and data on their incidence by number of device-days is not available.
...Prospective, surveillance study on PVCR-BSI conducted from September 1st, 2013 to 31st Mays, 2019 in 246 intensive care units (ICUs), members of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC), from 83 hospitals in 52 cities of 14 countries in the Middle East (Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Jordan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Pakistan, Palestine, Sudan, Tunisia, Turkey, and United Arab Emirates). We applied U.S.
We followed 31,083 ICU patients for 189,834 bed-days and 202,375 short term peripheral venous catheter (PVC)-days. We identified 470 PVCR-BSIs, amounting to a rate of 2.32/1000 PVC-days. Mortality in patients with PVC but without PVCR-BSI was 10.38%, and 29.36% in patients with PVC and PVCR-BSI. The mean length of stay in patients with PVC but without PVCR-BSI was 5.94 days, and 16.84 days in patients with PVC and PVCR-BSI. The microorganism profile showed 55.2 % of gram-positive bacteria, with Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (31%) and Staphylococcus aureus (14%) being the predominant ones. Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 39% of cases, and included: Escherichia coli (7%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5%), Enterobacter spp. (3%), and others (29.9%), such as Serratia marcescens.
PVCR-BSI rates found in our ICUs were much higher than rates published from USA, Australia, and Italy. Infection prevention programs must be implemented to reduce the incidence of PVCR-BSIs.
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