Tsunami warning centres face the challenging task of rapidly forecasting tsunami threat immediately after an earthquake, when there is high uncertainty due to data deficiency. Here we introduce ...Probabilistic Tsunami Forecasting (PTF) for tsunami early warning. PTF explicitly treats data- and forecast-uncertainties, enabling alert level definitions according to any predefined level of conservatism, which is connected to the average balance of missed-vs-false-alarms. Impact forecasts and resulting recommendations become progressively less uncertain as new data become available. Here we report an implementation for near-source early warning and test it systematically by hindcasting the great 2010 M8.8 Maule (Chile) and the well-studied 2003 M6.8 Zemmouri-Boumerdes (Algeria) tsunamis, as well as all the Mediterranean earthquakes that triggered alert messages at the Italian Tsunami Warning Centre since its inception in 2015, demonstrating forecasting accuracy over a wide range of magnitudes and earthquake types.
The ability to determine trabecular bone tissue elastic and failure properties has biological and clinical importance. To date, trabecular tissue yield strains remain unknown due to experimental ...difficulties, and elastic moduli studies have reported controversial results. We hypothesized that the elastic and tensile and compressive yield properties of trabecular tissue are similar to those of cortical tissue. Effective tissue modulus and yield strains were calibrated for cadaveric human femoral neck specimens taken from 11 donors, using a combination of apparent-level mechanical testing and specimen-specific, high-resolution, nonlinear finite element modeling. The trabecular tissue properties were then compared to measured elastic modulus and tensile yield strain of human femoral diaphyseal cortical bone specimens obtained from a similar cohort of 34 donors. Cortical tissue properties were obtained by statistically eliminating the effects of vascular porosity. Results indicated that mean elastic modulus was 10% lower (
p<0.05) for the trabecular tissue (18.0±2.8
GPa) than for the cortical tissue (19.9±1.8
GPa), and the 0.2% offset tensile yield strain was 15% lower for the trabecular tissue (0.62±0.04% vs. 0.73±0.05%,
p<0.001). The tensile–compressive yield strength asymmetry for the trabecular tissue, 0.62 on average, was similar to values reported in the literature for cortical bone. We conclude that while the elastic modulus and yield strains for trabecular tissue are just slightly lower than those of cortical tissue, because of the cumulative effect of these differences, tissue strength is about 25% greater for cortical bone.
One outstanding issue regarding the relationship between elastic modulus and density for trabecular bone is whether the relationship depends on anatomic site. To address this, on-axis elastic moduli ...and apparent densities were measured for 142 specimens of human trabecular bone from the vertebra (
n=61), proximal tibia (
n=31), femoral greater trochanter (
n=23), and femoral neck (
n=27). Specimens were obtained from 61 cadavers (mean±SD age=67±15 years). Experimental protocols were used that minimized end-artifact errors and controlled for specimen orientation. Tissue moduli were computed for a subset of 18 specimens using high-resolution linear finite element analyses and also using two previously developed theoretical relationships (Bone 25 (1999) 481; J. Elasticity 53 (1999) 125). Resultant power law regressions between modulus and density did depend on anatomic site, as determined via an analysis of covariance. The inter-site differences were among the leading coefficients (
p<0.02), but not the exponents (
p>0.08), which ranged 1.49–2.18. At a given density, specimens from the tibia had higher moduli than those from the vertebra (
p=0.01) and femoral neck (
p=0.002); those from the trochanter had higher moduli than the vertebra (
p=0.02). These differences could be as large as almost 50%, and errors in predicted values of modulus increased by up to 65% when site-dependence was ignored. These results indicate that there is no universal modulus–density relationship for on-axis loading. Tissue moduli computed using methods that account for inter-site architectural variations did not differ across site (
p>0.15), suggesting that the site-specificity in apparent modulus–density relationships may be attributed to differences in architecture.
MAKING CITIES INTEROPERABLE IN TURKEY Bayraktar, H.; Bayar, D. Y.; Bilgin, G.
International archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences.,
12/2021, Letnik:
XLVI-4/W5-2021
Journal Article, Conference Proceeding
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The population of cities is increasing rapidly day by day, and it is predicted that this increase will continue in the following years. Accordingly, population growth creates a significant pressure ...in many different domains of cities such as infrastructure, traffic, energy, and environment. Smart cities come forward as a useful option to struggle with the pressure on cities caused by overwhelming population growth and to make cities liveable and sustainable. Smart city approach creates gains in the fields of sustainable development, competitiveness and environmental sustainability with its ability to transform information into economic, social and environmental benefits. However, smart city services and applications are mostly designed as independent and unrelated units so this approach causes isolated and heterogeneous data and technology islands. As the result, data flow problem occurs between vertical applications and service suppliers, and this interoperability problem causes emergence of independent silos in smart cities. Such silos hinders data integration, prevent citizens and public administrations benefit fully from smart cities, and cause vendor lock-in. In order to use the full potential of smart city approach, it’s vital to secure interoperability systems and applications of smart cities. In this study, interoperability terms and their necessity for smart city ecosystem will be addressed. Afterwards, Smart City Interoperability Model’s (SCIM) contributions to semantic, technical and operational interoperability will be discussed.
Cities are facing numerous challenges because of the unprecedented growth of population all over the world. In this context, smart city stands out as a viable option to improve quality of life. Smart ...city, with its ability to transform the information into economic, social and environmental benefits, offers acquisitions in the fields of sustainable development, competitiveness and environmental sustainability. However, the cost of implementing and maintaining smart city applications on a large scale reveals the necessity to choose the right smart city application at the beginning of smart city transformation. In order to determine which smart city application should be used in smart city domain, the current situation and needs of the city should be analysed effectively. Maturity assessment can be used as a tool to understand the existing conditions of a city. In this study, Turkey's smart city approach will be addressed and Smart City Maturity Assessment Model of Turkey will be introduced with the preparation and implementation process. Consequently, the impact of the Smart City Maturity Assessment Model on selection of smart city applications will be discussed with the result of maturity assessment which is implemented on 4 cities of Turkey.
Variations in yield strains for trabecular bone within a specific anatomic site are only a small fraction of the substantial variations that exist for elastic modulus and strength, and yet the source ...of this uniformity is not known. Our goal was to investigate the underlying mechanisms by using high-resolution, materially nonlinear finite element models of 12 human femoral neck trabecular bone specimens. The finite element models, used to obtain apparent yield strains in both tension and compression, assumed that the tissue-level yield strains were the same across all specimens. Comparison of the model predictions with the experimental data therefore enabled us to isolate the combined roles of volume fraction and architecture from the role of tissue material properties. Results indicated that, for both tensile and compressive loading, natural variations in volume fraction and architecture produced a negligible coefficient of variation (less than 3%) in apparent yield strains. Analysis of tissue-level strains showed that while bending of individual trabeculae played only a minor role in the apparent elastic behavior, the combined effects of this bending and tissue-level strength asymmetry produced apparent-level failure strains in compression that were 14% lower than those at the tissue level. By contrast, tissue and apparent-level yield strains were equivalent for tensile loading. We conclude that the uniformity of apparent yield strains is primarily the result of the highly oriented architecture that minimizes bending. Most of the variation that does occur is the result of the non-uniformity of the tissue-level yield strains.
1. This study was conducted to determine the effects of heat stress on fearfulness, leucocyte components, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in two commercial broiler strains, Cobb (C) and Ross ...(R). 2. At 36 and 37 d of age birds were exposed to 38 ± 1°C for 3 h. Rectal temperatures, duration of tonic immobility (TI), haematocrit values, proportions of leucocyte components (heterophil, lymphocyte, basophil, eosinophil, monocyte), malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations and antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, SOD, GPx) of all the birds were determined, before and after heat treatment. 3. Rectal temperatures increased and haematocrit values decreased in birds exposed to heat stress. Heat stress caused a significant increase in heterophil/lymphocyte and in basophil ratios. 4. Exposing birds to heat stress increased duration of TI, suggesting heat-stressed birds tended to be more fearful. 5. Heat stress resulted in a significant Genotype × Treatment interaction for MDA concentration. CAT, SOD and GPx activities; MDA concentrations in heat-stressed R strain birds were greater than in heat-stressed C strain birds.
Paraneoplastic optic neuropathy (PON) is a very rare condition. In this study, a case of PON whose first complaint was painless vision loss in one eye is presented. In the follow-up of our case, ...optic neuropathy developed in the fellow eye. Electromyography examination performed due to diffuse body pain and motor loss in the left extremity is compatible with peripheral sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Lung biopsy was planned due to EMG result and and lymphadenopathy detection in thorax computed tomography (CT). The biopsy result of the patient was reported as nonspecific hyperplasia. As the patient's complaints increased, the paraneoplastic antibody panel was requested and CV2 / CRMP5 antibody was found positive. Thereupon, as a result of repeated biopsy, our patient was diagnosed with small cell lung cancer. We think that paraneoplastic optic neuropathy should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with advanced age, smoking, painless subacute vision loss, optic disc swelling, and we should insist on research in this direction as in our case.
A uniaxial cell stretching technique to measure time-resolved local substrate strain while simultaneously imaging adherent cells is presented. The experimental setup comprises a uniaxial stretcher ...platform compatible with inverted microscopy and transparent elastomer samples with embedded fluorescent beads. This integration enables the acquisition of real-time spatiotemporal data, which is then processed using a single-particle tracking algorithm to track the positions of fluorescent beads for the subsequent computation of local strain. The present local strain tracking method is demonstrated using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) samples of rectangular and dogbone geometries. The comparison of experimental results and finite element simulations for the two sample geometries illustrates the capability of the present system to accurately quantify local deformation even when the strain distribution is non-uniform over the sample. For a regular dogbone sample, the experimentally obtained value of local strain at the center of the sample is 77%, while the average strain calculated using the applied cross-head displacement is 48%. This observation indicates that considerable errors may arise when cross-head measurement is utilized to estimate strain in the case of non-uniform sample geometry. Finally, the compatibility of the proposed platform with biological samples is tested using a unibody PDMS sample with a well to contain cells and culture media. HeLa S3 cells are plated on collagen-coated samples and cell adhesion and proliferation are observed. Samples with adherent cells are then stretched to demonstrate simultaneous cell imaging and tracking of embedded fluorescent beads.
The effects of ethanol addition to gasoline on an SI engine performance and exhaust emissions are investigated experimentally and theoretically. In the theoretical study, a quasi-dimensional SI ...engine cycle model, which was firstly developed for gasoline-fueled SI engines by author, has been adapted for SI engines running on gasoline–ethanol blends. Experimental applications have been carried out with the blends containing 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, 7.5, 9, 10.5 and 12
vol% ethanol. Numerical applications have been performed up to 21
vol% ethanol. Engine was operated with each blend at 1500
rpm for compression ratios of 7.75 and 8.25 and at full throttle setting. Results obtained from both theoretical and experimental studies are compared graphically. Experimental results have shown that among the various blends, the blend of 7.5% ethanol was the most suitable one from the engine performance and CO emissions points of view. However, theoretical comparisons have shown that the blend containing 16.5% ethanol was the most suited blend for SI engines. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the proposed SI engine cycle model has an ability of computing SI engine cycles when using ethanol and ethanol–gasoline blends and it can be used for further extensive parametric studies.
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