Some of his major innovations included the following: (i) he was the first to use controlled pollination in 1877 to increase the yield of corn that led to practical hybridization practices, (ii) his ...was the first U.S. seed testing laboratory for viability and purity in 1877, (iii) he was first to conduct turfgrass research in 1880, and (iv) he was a pioneer in reforestation during the 1870s.
IntroductionWe assessed progress in HIV viral load (VL) scale up across seven sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries and discussed challenges and strategies for improving VL coverage among patients on ...anti-retroviral therapy (ART).MethodsA retrospective review of VL testing was conducted in Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Tanzania, and Uganda from January 2016 through June 2018. Data were collected and included the cumulative number of ART patients, number of patients with ≥ 1 VL test result (within the preceding 12 months), the percent of VL test results indicating viral suppression, and the mean turnaround time for VL testing.ResultsBetween 2016 and 2018, the proportion of PLHIV on ART in all 7 countries increased (range 5.7%-50.2%). During the same time period, the cumulative number of patients with one or more VL test increased from 22,996 to 917,980. Overall, viral suppression rates exceeded 85% for all countries except for Côte d'Ivoire at 78% by June 2018. Reported turnaround times for VL testing results improved in 5 out of 7 countries by between 5.4 days and 27.5 days.ConclusionsThese data demonstrate that remarkable progress has been made in the scale-up of HIV VL testing in the seven SSA countries.
Interaction between iron regulatory proteins and iron responsive elements on certain mRNAs is at the core of regulation of intracellular iron homeostasis. Previous results suggested that in cultured ...cells iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) exist in cytosolic and microsomal subcellular locations and that this distribution is affected by cellular iron status. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the membrane-associated fractions of iron regulatory proteins are specifically in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi membranes. Confocal microscopy revealed that IRP1 could be co-localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. To examine the intracellular distribution of IRPs biochemically, we used rats fed normal or iron-deficient diets. As expected, the IRPs were found predominantly in the cytosolic fraction. However, subfractionation of crude microsomal preparations revealed IRP1 in the Golgi apparatus. In animals fed an iron-deficient diet, IRP1 was found in the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum. To identify the mechanisms and factors involved in the localization of iron regulatory proteins in the cytosol and membrane fractions, cells were treated with a phorbol ester, a protein kinase C inhibitor (chelerythrine), hydrogen peroxide, interleukin-1{szligbeta}, and 1,2-bis-(o-aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,-N'N'-tetraacetic acid tetraacetoxy-methyl ester. The results indicate that iron-regulatory-protein-binding activity in the membrane fraction can be altered by cell stress or iron status and that phosphorylation plays a role in the translocation. As a result of this study we propose a novel model for intracellular distribution of IRPs and identify differences between the two iron regulatory proteins.
Objectives Against a backdrop of rising levels of obesity, we describe and estimate associations of body mass index (BMI), age and gender with time to revision for participants undergoing primary ...total hip (THR) or knee (TKR) replacement in the UK. Design Population-based cohort study. Setting Routinely collected primary care data from a representative sample of general practices, including linked data on all secondary care events. Participants Population-based cohort study of 63 162 patients with THR and 54 276 with TKR in the UK General Practice Research Database between 1988 and 2011. Primary and secondary outcomes Risk of THR and TKR revision associated with BMI, age and gender, after adjusting for the competing risk of death. Results The 5-year cumulative incidence rate for THR was 2.2% for men and 1.8% for women (TKR 2.3% for men, 1.6% for women). The adjusted overall subhazard ratio (SHR) for patients with THR undergoing subsequent hip revision surgery, with a competing risk of death, were estimated at 1.020 (95% CI 1.009 to 1.032) per additional unit (kg/m2) of BMI, 1.23 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.38) for men compared with women and 0.970 (95% CI 0.967 to 0.973) per additional year of age. For patients with TKR, the equivalent estimates were 1.015 (95% CI 1.002 to 1.028) for BMI; 1.51 (95% CI 1.32 to 1.73) for gender and 0.957 (95% CI 0.951 to 0.962) for age. Morbidly obese patients with THR had a 65.5% increase (95% CI 15.4% to 137.3%, p=0.006) in the subhazard of revision versus the normal BMI group (18.5–25). The effect for TKR was smaller (a 43.9% increase) and weaker (95% CI 2.6% to 103.9%, p=0.040). Conclusions BMI is estimated to have a small but statistically significant association with the risk of hip and knee revision, but absolute numbers are small. Further studies are needed in order to distinguish between effects for specific revision surgery indications.
PDF
