Solution processed organic field-effect transistors (SPOFETs) are crucial for realizing low-cost large-area/ubiquitous flexible electronics. Currently, both soluble high-mobility organic ...semiconductors and efficient solution processes are in demand. In this paper, we report the systematic experimental study and statistical modeling/analysis for the SPOFETs based on an asymmetric small-molecule organic semiconductor, trimethyl-2, 2 ' ; 5 ' , 2 '' ; 5 '' , 2 ''' quarter-thiophen-5-yl-silane (4 T-TMS), which was deposited as the active layer through a recently developed low-temperature solution-shearing process. Three-dimensional statistical modeling and analysis bas ed on 46 different processing conditions was used to comprehensively study the solution-shearing process control and optimization for fabricating high-performance 4T-TMS SPOFETs. Various effects including solution concentration effect, shearing speed effect, and deposition temperature effect were investigated and discussed. Under optimized processing conditions, well-oriented crystalline 4 T-TMS thin films were deposited for the SPOFETs, which showed remarkable effective field-effect mobility up to 0.3 cm 2 /V middots in the saturation region and current on/off ratios over 10 6 . Gaussian fitted uniformity and good air stability of these devices stored and tested under ambient conditions for six months suggest that 4 T-TMS SPOFETs based on the optimized solution-shearing process are promising for applications in organic electronic circuits and displays. Importantly, the systematic experiment design and the corresponding statistical modeling/analysis presented here provide a general guideline for process optimization for fabricating high-performance SPOFETs.
Abstract
The benthic polyp phase of Medusozoa (Staurozoa, Cubozoa, Scyphozoa, and Hydrozoa) has endoskeletal or exoskeletal support systems, but their composition, development, and evolution is ...poorly known. In this contribution the variation in synthesis, structure, and function of the medusozoan exoskeleton was examined. In addition, an evolutionary hypothesis for its origin and diversification is proposed for both extinct and extant medusozoans. We also critically reviewed the literature and included data from our own histological and microstructural analyses of some groups. Chitin is a characteristic component of exoskeleton in Medusozoa, functioning as support, protection, and a reserve for various ions and inorganic and organic molecules, which may persuade biomineralization, resulting in rigid biomineralized exoskeletons. Skeletogenesis in Medusozoa dates back to the Ediacaran, when potentially synergetic biotic, abiotic, and physiological processes resulted in development of rigid structures that became the exoskeleton. Of the many types of exoskeletons that evolved, the corneous (chitin-protein) exoskeleton predominates today in polyps of medusozoans, with its greatest variation and complexity in the polyps of Hydroidolina. A new type of bilayered exoskeleton in which there is an exosarc complementing the perisarc construction is here described.
The cnidarians of the class Hydrozoa comprise 3720 species, are globally distributed, and can have complex life cycles. In the Espíritu Santo Archipelago (ESA), Mexico, hydrozoans are understudied, ...and, for this reason, the present work describes the taxocene of hydrozoans and their oceanographic preferences in the area. Hydrozoans were collected at 12 sampling stations in the archipelago during the temperate season; these organisms were morphologically identified and a systematic list including socioenvironmental attributes (SEA) was created. Species richness was used to assess the representativeness of the sampling and identify the distribution of species assemblages in relation to their SEA and environmental factors. In total, 31 species were described, representing 70% of the area’s potential diversity, and 97% of observations described species that had not yet been recorded in the area. Native, cryptogenic, and exotic species were found, including stinging and harvestable species. Groups with low, medium and high species richness were distributed heterogeneously, forming a spatial aggregation pattern. The results of this work suggest that the ESA has a highly diverse taxocene, with SEA and spatial aggregate structure relevant for integrative management and conservation of hydrozoans in natural protected areas.
After two years of operation, the High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Observatory has analyzed the TeV cosmic-ray sky over an energy range between 2.0 and 72.8 TeV. Like other detectors in the ...northern and southern hemispheres, HAWC observes an energy-dependent anisotropy in the arrival direction distribution of cosmic rays. This anisotropy is dominated by a dipole moment with phase in R.A. 40° and amplitude that slowly rises in relative intensity from 8 × 10−4 at 2 TeV to 14 × 10−4 around 30 TeV, above which the dipole decreases in strength. A significant large-scale (>60° in angular extent) signal is also observed in the quadrupole and octupole moments, and significant small-scale features are also present, with locations and shapes consistent with previous observations. Compared to previous measurements in this energy range, the HAWC cosmic-ray sky maps improve on the energy resolution and fit precision of the anisotropy. These data can be used in an effort to better constrain local cosmic-ray accelerators and the intervening magnetic fields.
The recent publication of the new code of practice IAEA/AAPM TRS-483 introduces output correction factors to correct detector response changes in relative dosimetry of small photon beams. In TRS-483, ...average correction factors are reported for several detectors in high-energy photon beams at 6 and 10 MV with and without flattening filter. These correction factors were determined by Monte Carlo simulation or experimental measurements using several linacs of different brands and vendors. The goal of this work was to validate the output correction factors reported in TRS-483 for 6 MV photon beams of a TrueBeam STx® linac. The validation was performed using Monte Carlo simulations of four radiation detectors employed in the dosimetry of small photon beams and whose output correction factors were determined using a different radiation source than TrueBeam STx®. The results show that Monte Carlo calculated output correction factors, and those reported in the code of practice TRS-483 fully agree within ∼1%. The use of generic correction factors for a TrueBeam STx® and the detectors studied in this work is suitable for small field dosimetry static beams within the uncertainties of Monte Carlo calculations and output correction factors reported in TRS-483.
•The kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr of 4 radiation detectors were calculated for a TrueBeam STx.•The calculated kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr were compared to those reported in IAEA/AAPM TRS-483.•An agreement within 1% was found between calculated and reported kQclin,Qmsrfclin,fmsr.•The reported values in TRS-483 are reliable for a TrueBeam STx linac.
A survey of epibiont hydrozoans on Sargassum Carral-Murrieta, Cecilia Odette; Marques, Antonio C; Serviere-Zaragoza, Elisa ...
PeerJ (San Francisco, CA),
05/2023, Letnik:
11
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The brown alga
provides a natural substrate occupied by hydrozoans in shallow marine waters. A global count in 2007 listed 39 epibiotic species of Hydrozoa growing on
, but more studies have been ...published since, therefore, an update is timely, particularly due to the increased abundance of
in the Caribbean. This review, based on a recent literature survey and new records from Mexico, includes 133 publications of epibiotic hydrozoans on
spanning 220 years, from 1802 to 2022. A total of 131 hydrozoan species were recorded on 26 species of
, most belonging to the subclass Hydroidolina (130), with only one record of a trachyline medusa (
, subclass Trachylinae). Most publications centered on the Tropical Atlantic, where the greatest number of hydrozoan species (67 species) were recorded. All hydrozoan species possess a hydrorhiza, except one hydromedusae species that attach to
via adhesive tentacles. Most of the hydrozoan species associated with
exhibited a benthic life cycle (93 species) and are comprised of erect, branched colonies (67 species) and large hydrothecae (69 species). Although the number of studies of epibiotic hydrozoans on
has increased since the mid-20th century, nevertheless hydrozoan richness has not reached an asymptote. Therefore, more sampling of
species would likely identify more hydrozoan species associated with
, especially among benthic
, and might help reveal potential biogeographical and ecological patterns between
and hydrozoan epibionts.
We present a search for very high-energy gamma-ray emission from the Northern Fermi Bubble region using data collected with the High Altitude Water Cherenkov gamma-ray observatory. The size of the ...data set is 290 days. No significant excess is observed in the Northern Fermi Bubble region, so upper limits above 1 TeV are calculated. The upper limits are between and . The upper limits disfavor a proton injection spectrum that extends beyond 100 TeV without being suppressed. They also disfavor a hadronic injection spectrum derived from neutrino measurements.
is a global opportunistic pathogen.
cytotoxicity of this bacterium is mainly related to metalloprotease serralysin (PrtS) activity. Proteolytic capability varies among the different isolates. Here, ...we characterized protease production and transcriptional regulators at 37°C of two
isolates from bronchial expectorations, HU1848 and SmUNAM836. As a reference strain the insect pathogen
Db10 was included. Zymography of supernatant cultures revealed a single (SmUNAM836) or double proteolytic zones (HU1848 and Db10). Mass spectrometry confirmed the identity of PrtS and the serralysin-like protease SlpB from supernatant samples. Elevated proteolytic activity and
expression were evidenced in the HU1848 strain through azocasein degradation and qRT-PCR, respectively. Evaluation of transcriptional regulators revealed higher
expression in HU1848, whereas
and
transcriptional levels were similar between studied strains. Higher
expression in HU1848 was further confirmed through an
transcriptional assay. Moreover, two putative CpxR binding motifs were identified within the
regulatory region. EMSA validated the interaction of CpxR with both motifs. The evaluation of
transcription in a
deletion strain indicated that CpxR negatively regulates
. Sequence conservation suggests that regulation of
by CpxR is common along
species. Overall, our data incorporates CpxR to the complex regulatory mechanisms governing
expression and associates the increased proteolytic activity of the HU1848 strain with higher
transcription. Based on the global impact of EepR in secondary metabolites production, our work contributes to understanding virulence factors variances across
isolates.
The seasonal variability of gelatinous zooplankton (siphonophores, medusae, and thaliaceans) abundance was investigated at Cabo Pulmo National Park (CPNP) from weekly zooplankton samples collected ...throughout 2014. The Gulf of California had prolonged warming during 2009-2019, with 2014 as the anomalously warm year preceding El Nino 2015-2016 compared to the 2003-2020 SST time series. Gelatinous zooplankton accounted <1% of the entire zooplankton community abundance at CPNP during 2014, suggesting a low influence of predation pressure upon their zooplanktonic and micronekton preys. Siphonophores (57%), thaliaceans (42%), and medusae (1%) were present throughout the year. The abundance of gelatinous zooplankton had a significant negative association with sea surface temperature and a positive association with sea surface chlorophyll-a concentration and velocity and direction of the wind, increasing their abundance during October after the hurricane season. The gelatinous zooplankton species assemblage at the coastal CPNP was similar but less abundant than the gelatinous zooplankton species assemblage observed in the oceanic region of the southern Gulf of California during summer 2014. Tropical species Diphyes dispar, Abylopsis tetragona, Chelophyes contorta, and Thalia spp. numerically dominated the gelatinous zooplankton community associated with a regional heatwave period recorded during 2014. A high proportion of tropical zooplankton indicates that mesotrophic conditions sustain the current high biomass and diversity of nektonic and benthonic planktophagous fauna inhabiting CPNP. However, prolonged warming events might decrease zooplankton biomass in the southern region of the Gulf of California in the future.
Dithiophene and fluorene co-polymers containing fused aromatic thieno3,4-bpyrazine moieties were synthesized for organic thin film transistor (OTFT) and organic photovoltaic (OPV) applications. ...Suzuki and Stille polycondensation reactions were used for the polymerization. The band gap (E g) of the polymers was tuned in the range of 1.15−1.6 eV to match the solar spectrum. Density functional theory calculations were carried out to rationalize the low band gaps. These polymers showed field effect mobility (μ) as high as 0.2 cm2/(V·s) with an on/off ratio as high as 106 in OTFT devices. Interestingly, one polymer in this class also showed ambipolar charge transport. Power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 1.3% was achieved in bulk heterojunction solar cells, indicating that these materials are promising for OPV applications.
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