A new Global Trigger subsystem will be installed in the Level-0 Trigger as part of HL-LHC Upgrade of ATLAS during the upcoming Long-Shutdown 3. It will feature new and improved trigger hardware and ...algorithms, and an increased maximum output rate of 1 MHz. The Global Trigger will run offline-like trigger algorithms on full-granularity data, gathered from several sub-detectors and trigger-processing subsystems. A single Global Common Module (GCM) hardware is implemented across the Global Trigger system to be used as Multiplexer Processor, Global Event Processor and CTP Interface (gCTPi). This common hardware platform method will minimize the complexity of the firmware and simplify the system design and long-term maintenance. The GCM prototype is an ATCA front form factor board with two Xilinx Virtex UltraScale+ FPGA VU13P and one ZYNQ UltraScale+ FPGA ZU19EG and seventeen 25.78125 Gb/s FireFly duplex optical modules on it. The total power consumption of this board must be less than 350 W, and the temperature of the optical modules should be less than 70 °C in the worst case. The VU13Ps serve as algorithms processor nodes such as MUX, GEP and gCTPi, and the ZU19EG with Peta Linux OS running on it, is used as Command/Control/Readout Unit to configure and monitor the board and communicate with the ATLAS Detector Control System (DCS). The development of an ATCA blade with three large FPGAs and about 200 optical links running at 25Gb/s is a very challenging task, and the successful test results have demonstrated this GCM prototype as an advancement of state-of-the-art electronics module design in HEP experiments. This paper presents the hardware design considerations, functionalities, and performance test results of this GCM prototype.
As part of the ATLAS experiment's Phase-II Upgrade, improved trigger hardware and algorithms will be implemented onto a single-level architecture. The global trigger (GT) subsystem is a new firmware ...(FW)-focused project designed to meet stringent requirements from the high-luminosity runs of the large hadron collider (LHC). The global multiplexer (MUX) is the input aggregating stage of the GT; it performs three main tasks: 1) aggregating data from several sources, connected with more than 2300 input fibers, under different protocols; 2) time-multiplexing the incoming data, to sort the packets per bunch-crossing (BC) events, by compensating the relative skews across the various serial input channels; and 3) transmitting, in a round-robin fashion, the sorted BC data to the global event processor (GEP) array, which is the following stage of the GT subsystem and is composed of 48 nodes, each one processing a single BC event. Two MUX FW prototypes for the Global Feature EXtractor (gFEX, part of the liquid argon calorimeter trigger) inputs have been designed, implemented, and validated on a gFEX production board, for up to 72 input and output channels. A four-channel version has been completed with I/O interfaces and validated in a full-chain design, accepting 8b/10b encoded inputs at 11.2 Gb/s and transmitting at 25.78125 Gb/s under Xilinx Aurora 64b/66b protocol. The total latency has been benchmarked in all of its contributing subcomponents and proven to meet the requirements from the Technical Design Report for the Phase-II Upgrade of the trigger and data acquisition system.
UV Nanoimprint Lithography combined with lens molding represent a flexible and low-cost pattern replication technique which was investigated with focus on pattern shape, size and imprinted surface ...quality. The flexibility of this method in imprinting different shape patterns by means of adjustable base layer thickness as well as the reliable fabrication of high quality surfaces using both standard and high refractive index resins was demonstrated using SmartNIL ® processes. The use of a Moiré-type lens master template fabricated by two-photon technology was proven for SmartNIL ® replication, providing an attractive solution for both prototyping, as well as high volume manufacturing processes.Finally, the fabrication of large lenses geometry with reliable shape replication for use in microoptical components was proven by means of UV molding processes at wafer level scale.
Improved Analysis of Timber Rivet Connections Stahl, Douglas C; Wolfe, Ronald W; Begel, Marshall
Journal of structural engineering (New York, N.Y.),
08/2004, Letnik:
130, Številka:
8
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Timber rivets are fasteners for glued-laminated timber construction that were first sanctioned for use in the United Stated by adoption in the 1997 National Design Specification for Wood Construction ...(NDS). Rivet connections can exhibit a brittle failure when a volume of wood bounded by the perimeter of the rivets pulls out from the timber, or a ductile failure due to a combination of fastener yielding and localized wood crushing. The NDS approach to the former failure mode is so complex that closed form solution is not possible and designers must refer to limited tabular data, and the NDS approach to the latter failure mode is inconsistent with the approach used for other dowel fasteners. This paper describes an improved analysis based on the capacity of wood failure planes and the well-established dowel fastener yield model. Results of tests of large rivet connections highlighting the crossover from ductile to brittle failure modes verify the analysis. In addition, these results provide the first data for timber rivets in Southern Pine glued-laminated timber.
We report on the calibration and performance of a large lead liquid-argon electromagnetic calorimeter used by experiment E706 at Fermilab. The reconstructed π
0 mass was used to calibrate the energy ...response of the calorimeter. The systematic uncertainty in the linearity and uniformity of the mean-energy response of the calorimeter after calibration was found to be less than ±0.5% for the sample of data analyzed. Detector characteristics, including sampling fluctuations and position resolution, are discussed.
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