Starch digestibility: past, present, and future Bello‐Perez, Luis A; Flores‐Silva, Pamela C; Agama‐Acevedo, Edith ...
Journal of the science of food and agriculture,
November 2020, Letnik:
100, Številka:
14
Journal Article
•Cyanidin-3-(6″-malonylglucoside) was the major anthocyanin in blue maize.•Anthocyanins modified nutritional in vitro starch fractions.•Anthocyanins contributed to RS formation.•Blue maize products ...can present low starch digestibility.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of blue maize extracts obtained by acid-methanol treatment on the nutritional in vitro starch fractions such as: rapidly digestive starch (RDS), slowly digestive starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS) of native and gelatinized commercial maize starch. Chromatographic analysis (HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS) of blue maize extracts showed the presence of seven anthocyanins, where cyanidin-3-(6″-malonylglucoside) was the main. Blue maize extracts modified nutritional in vitro starch fractions (decrease of RDS) while RS content increased (1.17 and 2.02 times for native and gelatinized commercial maize starch, respectively) when anthocyanins extracts were added to starch up to 75% (starch weight). This preliminary observation provides the basis for further suitability evaluation of blue maize extract as natural starch-modifier by the possible anthocyanins-starch interaction. Anthocyanin extracts can be a suitable to produce functional foods with higher RS content with potential human health benefits.
Twenty‐five years ago, it was found that a significant fraction of the starch present in foods is not digested in the small intestine and continues to the large intestine, where it is fermented by ...the microbiota; this fraction was named resistant starch (RS). It was also reported that there is a fraction of starch that is slowly digested, sustaining a release of glucose in the small intestine. Later, health benefits were found to be associated with the consumption of this fraction, called slowly digestible starch (SDS). The authors declare both fractions to be “nutraceutical starch.” An overview of the structure of both fractions (RS and SDS), as well as their nutraceutical characteristics, is presented with the objective of suggesting methods and processes that will increase both fractions in starchy foods and prevent diseases that are associated with the consumption of glycemic carbohydrates.
•The formation of protein network in chickpea flour pasta relied strongly on SH bonding.•The processing stages increased the β-sheet structures in semolina pasta but not in chickpea pasta.•Strongly ...bonded water structures are more abundant in chickpea flour pasta than in semolina pasta.
The influence of the pasta preparation stages on starch, proteins, and water structures of semolina and chickpea pasta was studied. The hydrated starch structures (995/1022 FTIR ratio) increased in semolina and reduced in chickpea pasta. The processing stages in semolina pasta led to a significant increase of β-sheet structures (~50% to ~68%). The β-sheet structures content in chickpea pasta was lower (~52%), and was most affected by sheeting and cooking. The water structure was assessed by the analysis of the OH fingerprint FTIR region (3700–2800 cm−1) and showing that water molecules (~90%) are strongly and moderately bound. The chickpea pasta displayed the highest content of strongly bonded water (about 55%) in contrast to the semolina pasta (~48%). A principal component analysis showed that the molecular organization of semolina pasta was mostly affected by dough formation and cooking; the molecular organization of chickpea pasta was determined by the cooking stage.
► Black and Pinto bean starches were physically and chemically modified. ► Acetylation and annealing influence the digestibility and physicochemical properties. ► Ozonation had the lowest effect on ...digestibility and physicochemical properties. ► All modified starches had increased levels of resistant starch.
Black and Pinto bean starches were physically and chemically modified to investigate the effect of modification on digestibility and physicochemical properties of bean starch. The impact of acetylation, oxidation (ozonation) and annealing on the chemical composition, syneresis, swelling volume, pasting, thermal properties and digestibility of starches was evaluated. The physicochemical and estimated glycemic index (eGI) of the Black and Pinto bean starches treated with ozone were not significantly (P>0.05) different than that of their respective control starches. Annealed starches had improved thermal and pasting properties compared to native starches. Acetylated starches presented reduced syneresis, good pasting properties and lower eGI. Also, all modified starches had increased levels of resistant starch (RS). Therefore, the digestibility and physicochemical properties of bean starch were affected by the type of modification but there were no significant (P>0.05) differences between the Black and Pinto bean starches.
An increase in celiac consumers has caused an increasing interest to develop good quality gluten‐free food products with high nutritional value. Snack foods are consumed worldwide and have become a ...normal part of the eating habits of the celiac population making them a target to improve their nutritive value. Extrusion and deep‐frying of unripe plantain, chickpea, and maize flours blends produced gluten‐free snacks with high dietary fiber contents (13.7–18.2 g/100 g) and low predicted glycemic index (28 to 35). The gluten‐free snacks presented lower fat content (12.7 to 13.6 g/100 g) than those reported in similar commercial snacks. The snack with the highest unripe plantain flour showed higher slowly digestible starch (11.6 and 13.4 g/100 g) than its counterpart with the highest chickpea flour level (6 g/100 g). The overall acceptability of the gluten‐free snacks was similar to that chili‐flavored commercial snack. It was possible to develop gluten‐free snacks with high dietary fiber content and low predicted glycemic index with the blend of the 3 flours, and these gluten‐free snacks may also be useful as an alternative to reduce excess weight and obesity problems in the general population and celiac community.
Practical Application
One of the most important areas of the food industry is the development of new products. There is a growing interest in functional foods, and even more for those products with high dietary fiber content because of the excess weight and obesity problems. The under‐utilization of some food crops such as unripe banana and chickpea can be an alternative ingredient in the development food products widely consumed as snacks. The results of the present study show that a snack with acceptable sensory features by the consumers, with high dietary fiber content and low predicted glycemic index may be produced. This snack product is an alternative for the population because of the increase in the health problems related with the excess weight and obesity.
•Whole unripe plantain flour (WP) increased dietary fiber content in spaghetti.•Spaghetti with WP showed reduced swelling of the starch granules.•Addition of WP in spaghetti increased the cooked ...weight values.•Resistant starch increased with the incorporation of WP.
Plantain is a climacteric fruit having economic relevance in several tropical regions. Unripe plantain is an alternative source of indigestible carbohydrates (dietary fibre) and undigestible starch fraction. Unripe plantain flour was explored in this work as an alternative ingredient (whole and pulp) in spaghetti formulations. Chemical composition, cooking quality, texture analysis, and microstructure of spaghetti formulations were analyzed. The microstructure results showed that the presence of fiber in the food matrix helped the reduction of the starch granule swelling in the cooking process. Spaghetti made with whole plantain flour exhibited lower rapidly starch fraction, with increased resistant starch fractions. Overall, the whole unripe plantain flour exhibited good potential for gluten-free spaghetti having highest content of fiber and lower starch digestion rates.
•Emulsions stabilized with OSA-banana starch were studied.•The degree of substitution enhances the emulsion stability.•Improved stability is obtained by a compact packing of starch ...granules.•OSA-starch improves the emulsion elasticity.
Banana starch was esterified with octenylsuccinic anhydride (OSA) at different degree substitution (DS) and used to stabilize emulsions. Morphology, emulsion stability, emulsification index, rheological properties and particle size distribution of the emulsions were tested. Emulsions dyed with Solvent Red 26 showed affinity for the oil phase. Backscattering light showed three regions in the emulsion where the emulsified region was present. Starch concentration had higher effect in the emulsification index (EI) than the DS used in the study because similar values were found with OSA-banana and native starches. However, OSA-banana presented greater stability of the emulsified region. Rheological tests in emulsions with OSA-banana showed G′>G″ values and low dependence of G′ with the frequency, indicating a dominant elastic response to shear. When emulsions were prepared under high-pressure conditions, the emulsions with OSA-banana starch with different DS showed a bimodal distribution of particle size. The emulsion with OSA-banana starch and the low DS showed similar mean droplet diameter than its native counterpart. In contrast, the highest DS led to the highest mean droplet diameter. It is concluded that OSA-banana starch with DS can be used to stabilize specific emulsion types.
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•Stenospermocarpic mango is underused and consequently a by-product of the mango agroindustry.•Mango pulp showed a balance of insoluble and dietary fiber fractions.•Stenospermocarpic ...mango is a potential source of antioxidant compounds and starch.•The cooked flours showed between 19 and 35% of resistant starch.
As a result of climate change, the production of stenospermocarpic mangoes has increased dramatically. The stenospermocarpic mango, a fruit with reduced size and no seed, is considered to be a by-product that is both underutilised and wasted.
Here, we studied the colour, chemical composition, polyphenol content, antioxidant capacity and starch in vitro digestibility of unripe stenospermocarpic mango flours (pulp and peel). The stenospermocarpic mango pulp flour had 11.7 g/100 g of dietary fibre with a balance of soluble and insoluble fractions; additionally, the total starch content of 41 g/100 g in its uncooked flour (resistant starch) can contribute to an increase in the indigestible carbohydrates. The mango peel flour had higher dietary fibre (40.5 g/100 g) and lower total starch content (21 g/100 g) compared with mango pulp flour.
The mango pulp flour had higher phenolic compounds content (99.71 mg/g) and antioxidant capacity (248.5 mg/g, DPPH) compared with the peel flour (16.51 mg/g and 92.08 mg/g, DPPH), respectively.
The rapidly digestible starch fraction was approximately 50%, with a balance in the content of slowly and resistant starch fractions in the mango pulp flour (approximately 20% per fraction).
The flours of the pulp and peel of unripe stenospermocarpic mangoes can be used as alternative ingredients for preparing functional foods with high dietary fibre content and polyphenol compounds with antioxidant capacities.
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