This review paper delves into synergistic integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) with high-throughput experimentation (HTE) in the field of heterogeneous catalysis, ...presenting a broad spectrum of contemporary methodologies and innovations. We methodically segmented the text into three core areas: catalyst characterization, data-driven exploitation, and data-driven discovery. In the catalyst characterization part, we outline current and prospective techniques used for HTE and how AI-driven strategies can streamline or automate their analysis. The data-driven exploitation part is divided into themes, strategies, and techniques that offer flexibility for either modular application or creation of customized solutions. In the data-driven exploration part we present applications that enable exploration of areas outside the experimentally tested chemical space, incorporating a section on computational methods for identifying new prospects. The review concludes by addressing the current limitations within the field and suggesting possible avenues for future research.
Fucoxanthin is a carotenoid that exerts multiple beneficial effects on human health. However, reports comparing microalgae culture conditions and their effect on growth and fucoxanthin production are ...still limited
. Isochrysis galbana
and
Phaeodactylum tricornutum
cultures in different light (62.0, 25.9, 13.5, or 9.1 μmol photons m
-2
s
-1
), mixing conditions (1 vvm aeration or 130 rpm agitation), and media compositions (F/2 and Conway medium) were studied for comparison of cellular growth and fucoxanthin production on F/2 medium.
I. galbana
showed a better adaptation to tested culture conditions in comparison with
P. tricornutum
, reaching 2.15 × 10
7
± 4.07 × 10
6
cells mL
-1
and a specific growth rate (μ) of 1.12 ± 0.05 day
-1
under aerated conditions and 62.0 μmol photons m
-2
s
-1
light intensity. Fucoxanthin concentration was about 25 % higher in
P. tricornutum
cultures under 13.5 μmol photons m
-2
s
-1
light intensity and aerated conditions, but the highest fucoxanthin total production was higher in
I. galbana
, where 3.32 mg can be obtained from 1 L batch cultures at the 16th day under these conditions. Moreover, higher cell densities (~32.41 %), fucoxanthin concentration (~42.46 %), and total production (~50.68 %) were observed in
I. galbana
cultures grown in Conway medium, if compared with cultures grown in F/2 medium. The results show that the best growth conditions did not result in the best fucoxanthin production for either microalgae, implying that there is not a direct relationship between cellular growth and fucoxanthin production. Moreover, the results suggest that
I. galbana
cultures on Conway medium are strong candidates for fucoxanthin production, where 1.2 to 15 times higher fucoxanthin concentration are observed in comparison to macroalgal sources.
The development of a portable device created by 3D printing for colorimetric and fluorometric measurements is an efficient tool for analytical applications in situ or in the laboratory presenting a ...wide field of applications in the environmental and food field. This device uses a light-emitting diode (LED) as radiation source and a webcam as a detector. Digital images obtained by the interaction between the radiation source and the sample were analyzed using a programming language developed in Matlab (Mathworks Inc., Natick, MA, USA), which builds the calibration curves in real-time using the RGB colour model. In addition, the entire system is connected to a notebook which serves as an LED and detector power supply without the need for any additional power source. The proposed device was used for the determination in situ of norfloxacin, allura red, and quinine in water and beverages samples, respectively. For the validation of the developed system, the results obtained were compared with a conventional spectrophotometer and spectrofluorometer respectively with a
-test at a 95% confidence level, which provides satisfactory precision and accuracy values.
The aim of this study was to assess the influence of residence in nonmetropolitan versus metropolitan counties on stage and tumor size at diagnosis in patients with breast cancer in the United ...States.
Women with a primary diagnosis of breast cancer between 2010 and 2015 were selected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Logistic regression was used to model the effect of residence in nonmetropolitan counties on cancer stage and tumor size, adjusted for age, marital status, and 2 county-level socioeconomic variables.
The final sample included 267,691 patients. More patients were diagnosed at advanced stages (III-IV vs I-II: 51.11% vs 50.21%) and with larger tumors (>2 cm vs < = 2 cm: 47.62% vs 46.77%) in nonmetropolitan counties. After adjustment, residence in nonmetro counties was not associated with advanced stage at diagnosis (OR = 0.987; 95% CI: 0.959-1.015) or tumor size >2 cm at diagnosis (OR = 0.997; 95% CI: 0.969-1.026). In stratified analysis by race/ethnicity, however, non-Hispanic White patients in nonmetropolitan counties were significantly more likely to have an advanced stage (OR = 1.035, 95% CI: 1.003-1.068) and tumor sizes >2 cm (OR = 1.051; 95% CI: 1.018-1.084) at diagnosis.
Residence in nonmetropolitan counties in the United States was not associated with advanced stage or tumor size >2 cm at diagnosis in cases of breast cancer, compared to the residence in metropolitan counties. However, among non-Hispanic White females, residence in nonmetropolitan counties was associated with significantly higher odds of having an advanced stage and a tumor size >2 cm at diagnosis.
Every decision or action taken as part of a construction project involves risk. Unforeseen branch works that may occur during the construction investment are the so-called additional work. They cause ...risk, both for the contractor and the investor. Skilful management of this risk may lead to minimizing the change in the investment duration or minimizing the change in the cost of the contractual amount. The work proposes a method of analysing the risk of industrial works that may occur during additional works in railway construction investments. A constructed Bayesian network based on the risk component of industrial works was used for the analysis. Bayesian networks are listed as one of the 31 techniques suggested for risk analysis in accordance with the ISO 31010 standard, which enables the correct analysis of the examined problem with satisfactory accuracy. During the construction of the network, historical data was obtained from completed and settled railway infrastructure construction projects, and 125 unique records corresponding to additional works were identified. The created Bayesian network combines technological aspects resulting from the specificity of the implementation of branch works in railway construction projects with a practical assessment of their risk. The proposed network model allows for risk analysis by defining various event scenarios, and has high application capacity resulting from the ease of applying its results in practice in the implementation of railway investments.
Broccoli sprouts contain health-promoting phytochemicals that can be enhanced by applying ultraviolet light (UV) or phytohormones. The separate and combined effects of methyl jasmonate (MJ), UVA, or ...UVB lights on glucosinolate, phenolic, carotenoid, and chlorophyll profiles were assessed in broccoli sprouts. Seven-day-old broccoli sprouts were exposed to UVA (9.47 W/m²) or UVB (7.16 W/m²) radiation for 120 min alone or in combination with a 25 µM MJ solution, also applied to sprouts without UV supplementation. UVA + MJ and UVB + MJ treatments increased the total glucosinolate content by ~154% and ~148%, respectively. MJ induced the biosynthesis of indole glucosinolates, especially neoglucobrassicin (~538%), showing a synergistic effect with UVA stress. UVB increased the content of aliphatic and indole glucosinolates, such as glucoraphanin (~78%) and 4-methoxy-glucobrassicin (~177%). UVA increased several phenolics such as gallic acid (~57%) and a kaempferol glucoside (~25.4%). MJ treatment decreased most phenolic levels but greatly induced accumulation of 5-sinapoylquinic acid (~239%). MJ treatments also reduced carotenoid and chlorophyll content, while UVA increased lutein (~23%), chlorophyll
(~31%), neoxanthin (~34%), and chlorophyll
(~67%). Results indicated that UV- and/or MJ-treated broccoli sprouts redirect the carbon flux to the biosynthesis of specific glucosinolates, phenolics, carotenoids, and chlorophylls depending on the type of stress applied.
This study presents a review of the Folin-Ciocalteu (F-C) assay for total phenolic content (TPC) determinations and describes different approaches to improve its specificity. Phenolics are regarded ...as the molecules with the highest potential to neutralize free radicals. Therefore, their quantification is a common practice in different areas of food research. However, when determining TPC in plant food extracts, the presence of reducing interferants ascorbic acid (AA) produces inaccurate estimations of TPC values. Different methodologies have been proposed to improve the specificity of the F-C assay. These methodologies include: (i) the use of solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges to separate interferants from phenolics; (ii) the calculation of a corrected TPC value based on the AA reducing activity present in the extract; and (iii) the pre-treatment of extracts with oxidative agents prior to TPC quantification. These methods are described in detail in the present study. Likewise, their advantages and disadvantages are discussed based on new experimental data. A simple modification of the F-C assay procedure is proposed to quantify both the TPC value and the AA reducing activity in plant food extracts. Values obtained by the modified F-C assay can be used to estimate a corrected TPC value.
Despite extensive culling of common vampire bats in Latin America, lethal human rabies outbreaks transmitted by this species are increasingly recognized, and livestock rabies occurs with striking ...frequency. To identify the individual and population-level factors driving rabies virus (RV) transmission in vampire bats, we conducted a longitudinal capture–recapture study in 20 vampire bat colonies spanning four regions of Peru. Serology demonstrated the circulation of RV in vampire bats from all regions in all years. Seroprevalence ranged from 3 to 28 per cent and was highest in juvenile and sub-adult bats. RV exposure was independent of bat colony size, consistent with an absence of population density thresholds for viral invasion and extinction. Culling campaigns implemented during our study failed to reduce seroprevalence and were perhaps counterproductive for disease control owing to the targeted removal of adults, but potentially greater importance of juvenile and sub-adult bats for transmission. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of RV maintenance in vampire bats and highlight the need for ecologically informed approaches to rabies prevention in Latin America.
Broccoli sprouts contain health-promoting glucosinolate and phenolic compounds that can be enhanced by applying ultraviolet light (UV). Here, the effect of UVA or UVB radiation on glucosinolate and ...phenolic profiles was assessed in broccoli sprouts. Sprouts were exposed for 120 min to low intensity and high intensity UVA (UVA
, UVA
) or UVB (UVB
, UVB
) with UV intensity values of 3.16, 4.05, 2.28 and 3.34 W/m², respectively. Harvest occurred 2 or 24 h post-treatment; and methanol/water or ethanol/water (70%,
/
) extracts were prepared. Seven glucosinolates and 22 phenolics were identified. Ethanol extracts showed higher levels of certain glucosinolates such as glucoraphanin, whereas methanol extracts showed slight higher levels of phenolics. The highest glucosinolate accumulation occurred 24 h after UVB
treatment, increasing 4-methoxy-glucobrassicin, glucobrassicin and glucoraphanin by ~170, 78 and 73%, respectively. Furthermore, UVA
radiation and harvest 2 h afterwards accumulated gallic acid hexoside I (~14%), 4-
-caffeoylquinic acid (~42%), gallic acid derivative (~48%) and 1-sinapoyl-2,2-diferulolyl-gentiobiose (~61%). Increases in sinapoyl malate (~12%), gallotannic acid (~48%) and 5-sinapoyl-quinic acid (~121%) were observed with UVB
Results indicate that UV-irradiated broccoli sprouts could be exploited as a functional food for fresh consumption or as a source of bioactive phytochemicals with potential industrial applications.
Addressing the impacts of climate change and global warming has become an urgent priority for the planet's well-being. In recent decades the great potential of fungal-based products with ...characteristics equal to, or even outperforming, classic petroleum-derived products has been acknowledged. These new materials present the added advantage of having a reduced carbon footprint, less environmental impact and contributing to the shift away from a fossil-based economy. This study focused on the production of insulation panels using fungal mycelium and lignocellulosic materials as substrates. The process was optimized, starting with the selection of
,
,
,
and
isolates, followed by the evaluation of three grain spawn substrates (millet, wheat and a 1:1 mix of millet and wheat grains) for mycelium propagation, and finishing with the production of various mycelium-based composites using five wood by-products and waste materials (pine sawdust, oak shavings, tree of heaven wood chips, wheat straw and shredded beech wood). The obtained biomaterials were characterized for internal structure by X-ray micro-CT, thermal transmittance using a thermoflowmeter and moisture absorption. The results showed that using a wheat and millet 1:1 (
/
) mix is the best option for spawn production regardless of the fungal isolate. In addition, the performance of the final composites was influenced both by the fungal isolate and the substrate used, with the latter having a stronger effect on the measured properties. The study shows that the most promising sustainable insulating biomaterial was created using
grown on wheat straw.
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