...C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. guilliermondii, C. lusitaniae, C. famata, C. rugosa, and C. dubliniensis form part of the Candida CTG clade and translate CTG codons as serine instead of ...leucine. ...even within a clade, the genetic distance between any two NAC species is often larger than the genetic distance between humans and some fishes 18. ...in no way should it be argued that C. albicans makes the rules for all NAC species.
Targeting Epigenetics in Cancer Bennett, Richard L; Licht, Jonathan D
Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology,
01/2018, Letnik:
58
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Alterations of genes regulating epigenetic processes are frequently found as cancer drivers and may cause widespread alterations of DNA methylation, histone modification patterns, or chromatin ...structure that disrupt normal patterns of gene expression. Because of the inherent reversibility of epigenetic changes, inhibitors targeting these processes are promising anticancer strategies. Small molecules targeting epigenetic regulators have been developed recently, and clinical trials of these agents are under way for hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. In this review, we describe how the writers, readers, and erasers of epigenetic marks are dysregulated in cancer and summarize the development of therapies targeting these mechanisms.
Increased demand for the supply of donkey hides for use in the Traditional Chinese Medicine e'jiao, is leading to a re-appraisal of donkeys' contributions to livelihoods across the world. This ...research aimed to understand the utilitarian value donkeys provide to poor small holder farmers, especially women, in their efforts to make a living in two rural communities in northern Ghana. Uniquely, children and donkey butchers were interviewed for the first time about their donkeys. A qualitative thematic analysis was undertaken of data disaggregated by sex, age and donkey-ownership. The majority of protocols were repeated during a second visit, ensuring comparative data between one wet, and one dry season. Donkeys are more important in people's lives than had previously been recognised and are highly valued by their owners for their help in reducing drudgery and the multi-functional services they offer. Hiring out donkeys to generate income is a secondary role for people who own donkeys, especially women. However, for financial and cultural reasons the way donkeys are kept results in the loss of a certain percentage of the animals to the donkey meat market, as well as the global hides trade. Increasing demand for donkey meat, coupled with increasing demand for donkeys for farming, is leading to donkey price inflation and theft of donkeys. This is putting pressure on the donkey population of neighbouring Burkina Faso and pricing resource-poor non-donkey owners out of the market. E'jiao has put the spotlight on the value of dead donkeys for the first time, especially to governments and middlemen. This study shows that the value of live donkeys to poor farming households is substantial. It attempts to understand and document this value thoroughly, should the majority of donkeys in West Africa be rounded up and slaughtered for the value of their meat and skin instead.
Aneuploidy is a frequent occurrence in fungal species where it can alter gene expression and promote adaptation to a variety of environmental cues. Multiple forms of aneuploidy have been observed in ...the opportunistic fungal pathogen
which is a common component of the human gut mycobiome but can escape this niche and cause life-threatening systemic disease. Using a barcode sequencing (Bar-seq) approach, we evaluated a set of diploid
strains and found that a strain carrying a third copy of chromosome (Chr) 7 was associated with increased fitness during both gastrointestinal (GI) colonization and systemic infection. Our analysis revealed that the presence of a Chr 7 trisomy resulted in decreased filamentation, both in vitro and during GI colonization, relative to isogenic euploid controls. A target gene approach demonstrated that
, encoding a negative regulator of filamentation located on Chr 7, contributes to increased fitness of the aneuploid strain due to inhibition of filamentation in a gene dosage-dependent fashion. Together, these experiments establish how aneuploidy enables the reversible adaptation of
to its host via gene dosage-dependent regulation of morphology.
Two major genetic clusters (A and B) of C. glabrata isolates were identified through multilocus sequence typing (MLST), with most isolates from China belonging to cluster A, whereas the majority of ...isolates from other countries belonged to cluster B. C. glabrata isolates from both genetic clusters were able to undergo ploidy changes, although isolates from cluster A demonstrated a greater haploid-to-higher-ploidy switching frequency than those from cluster B. Given the close phylogenetic relationship between C. glabrata and S. cerevisiae, a similar mechanism of endoreduplication could be involved in both species, as spontaneous diploidization events are relatively common in the latter 25. Aneuploid and non-baseline ploidy states are often unstable and can give rise to additional genetic variants. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010954.g001 Polyploid titan cells in C. neoformans The pathogenic basidiomycete Cryptococcus neoformans ubiquitously exists in the environment, including in the soil, on trees, and in bird droppings. Interestingly, some clinical isolates of C. auris can form enlarged clusters of cells due to the failure of cell division to release daughter cells, and these may increase survival by mechanisms similar to those favoring C. neoformans titan cells. Studies in C. neoformans have linked ploidy increases to cell cycle regulation; one study revealed that suppression of the cell cycle regulator Cln1 can enable re-replication of DNA producing polyploid titan cells 31, while a related study showed a role for cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases in regulating endoreplication 32.
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