Chiral molecules that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other, known as enantiomers, have identical chemical and physical properties unless they interact with another chiral entity, such ...as chiral light. Chiroptical1 eects arising from such interactions are used to detect enantiomers in mixtures and to induce enantioselective synthesis and catalysis. Chiroptical eects often arise from the interplay between light-induced electric- and magnetic-dipole transitions in a molecule and evolve on ultrafast electronic timescales. Here we use high-harmonic generation2,3 from a randomly oriented gas of molecules subjected to an intense laser eld, to probe chiral interactions on these sub-femtosecond timescales. We show that a slight disparity in the laser-driven electron dynamics in the two enantiomers is recorded and amplied by several orders of magnitude in the harmonic spectra. Our work shows that chiroptical detection can go beyond detecting chiral structure47 to resolving and controlling chiral dynamics on electronic timescales.
A
bstract
We present measurements of the branching fractions for the decays
B
→
Kμ
+
μ
−
and
B
→
Ke
+
e
−
, and their ratio (
R
K
), using a data sample of 711 fb
−
1
that contains 772 × 10
6
B
B
¯
...events. The data were collected at the ϒ(4
S
) resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy
e
+
e
−
collider. The ratio
R
K
is measured in five bins of dilepton invariant-mass-squared (
q
2
):
q
2
∈ (0
.
1
,
4
.
0)
,
(4
.
00
,
8
.
12)
,
(1
.
0
,
6
.
0), (10
.
2
,
12
.
8) and (
>
14
.
18) GeV
2
/c
4
, along with the whole
q
2
region. The
R
K
value for
q
2
∈ (1
.
0
,
6
.
0) GeV
2
/c
4
is
1.03
−
0.24
+
0.28
± 0
.
01. The first and second uncertainties listed are statistical and systematic, respectively. All results for
R
K
are consistent with Standard Model predictions. We also measure
CP
-averaged isospin asymmetries in the same
q
2
bins. The results are consistent with a null asymmetry, with the largest difference of 2.6 standard deviations occurring for the
q
2
∈ (1
.
0
,
6
.
0) GeV
2
/c
4
bin in the mode with muon final states. The measured differential branching fractions,
d
ℬ
/dq
2
, are consistent with theoretical predictions for charged
B
decays, while the corresponding values are below the expectations for neutral
B
decays. We have also searched for lepton-flavor-violating
B
→
Kμ
±
e
∓
decays and set 90% confidence-level upper limits on the branching fraction in the range of 10
−
8
for
B
+
→
K
+
μ
±
e
∓
, and
B
0
→
K
0
μ
±
e
∓
modes.
The present investigation was aimed at optimization of estradiol loaded PLGA nanoparticulate formulations resulting in improved oral bioavailability and sustained release of estradiol by varying the ...molecular weight and copolymer composition of PLGA. Nanoparticles were prepared following emulsion–diffusion–evaporation method employing didodecyldimethyl ammonium bromide (DMAB) as stabilizer. The effect of polymer molecular weight and copolymer composition on particle properties and release behavior (
in vitro and
in vivo) has been reported. Drug release
in vitro decreased with increase in molecular weight and lactide content of PLGA. Zero order release was obtained with low molecular weight (14,500 and 45,000 Da) PLGA, while high molecular weight (85,000 and 213,000 Da) and different copolymer compositions followed square root of time (Higuchi's pattern) dependent release. The bioavailability of estradiol from nanoparticles was assessed in male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats at a dose of 1 mg estradiol/rat. The
in vivo performance of the nanoparticles was found to be dependent on the particle size, polymer molecular weight and copolymer composition. The
C
max of drug in the plasma was dependent on the polymer molecular weight and composition while particle size was found to influence the duration of release, suggesting smaller is better. The histopathological examination revealed absence of any inflammatory response with the formulations prepared of low/high molecular weight or high lactide content polymers for the studied period. Together, these results indicate that nanoparticulate formulations are ideal carriers for oral administration of estradiol having great potential to address the dose related issues of estradiol.
Antioxidants are emerging as prophylactic and therapeutic agents. These are the agents, which scavenge free radicals otherwise reactive oxygen species and prevent the damage caused by them. Free ...radicals have been associated with pathogenesis of various disorders like cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders and are implicated in aging. Several antioxidants like SOD, CAT, epigallocatechin-3-
O-gallate, lycopene, ellagic acid, coenzyme Q
10, indole-3-carbinol, genistein, quercetin, vitamin C and vitamin E have been found to be pharmacologically active as prophylactic and therapeutic agents for above mentioned diseases. Antioxidants are part of diet but their bioavailability through dietary supplementation depends on several factors. This major drawback of dietary agents may be due to one or many of the several factors like poor solubility, inefficient permeability, instability due to storage of food, first pass effect and GI degradation. Conventional dosage forms may not result in efficient formulation owing to their poor biopharmaceutical properties. Principles of novel drug delivery systems need to be applied to significantly improve the performance of antioxidants. Novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) would also help in delivery of these antioxidants by oral route, as this route is of prime importance when antioxidants are intended for prophylactic purpose. Implication of NDDS for the delivery of antioxidants is largely governed by physicochemical characteristics, biopharmaceutical properties and pharmacokinetic parameters of the antioxidant to be formulated. Recently, chemical modifications, coupling agents, liposomes, microparticles, nanoparticles and gel-based systems have been explored for the delivery of these difficult to deliver molecules. Results from several studies conducted across the globe are positive and provided us with new anticipation for the improvement of human healthcare.
Coriander, fenugreek, nigella etc. are collectively known as seed spices. They are "High value and low volume crops" and considered cash crops for the growers of arid and semi-arid regions of India. ...Coriander, fenugreek and nigella are grown during the rabi season and take hardly 130-140 days to attain full maturity. In this context, farmers are not able to develop income from available arable land round the year, even though they have sufficient resources as well as manpower. Therefore, coriander, fenugreek and nigella-based cropping systems, four of each (total 12) were evaluated during 3 consecutive years (2019-20 to 2021-22) for their productivity, resource-use efficiency, economics and soil fertility. The results showed that among the seed spices-based cropping systems, maximum system productivity (5193 kg ha.sup.-1 ), production efficiency (18.81 kg ha.sup.-1 day.sup.-1 ), water-use efficiency (2.31 kg ha.sup.-1 mm.sup.-1 ), economic efficiency (11.85 US $ ha.sup.-1 day.sup.-1 ), net return (3270 US $ ha.sup.-1 ), benefit:cost ratio (3.27) and available N (165.6 kg ha.sup.-1) were observed under nigella-green coriander-mungbean cropping system. Hence, seed spices growers are recommended to adopt nigella-green coriander-mungbean cropping system in order to realize better productivity, resource-use efficiency, soil fertility and profitability.
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer with both inter- and intratumor heterogeneity, thought to result in a more aggressive course and worse outcomes. Neoadjuvant therapy ...(NAT) has become the preferred treatment modality of early-stage TNBC as it allows for the downstaging of tumors in the breast and axilla, monitoring early treatment response, and most importantly, provides important prognostic information that is essential to determining post-surgical therapies to improve outcomes. It focuses on combinations of systemic drugs to optimize pathologic complete response (pCR). Excellent response to NAT has allowed surgical de-escalation in ideal candidates. Further, treatment algorithms guide the systemic management of patients based on their pCR status following surgery. The expanding knowledge of molecular pathways, genomic sequencing, and the immunological profile of TNBC has led to the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted agents, including PARP inhibitors, further revolutionizing the therapeutic landscape of this clinical entity. However, subgroups most likely to benefit from these novel approaches in TNBC remain elusive and are being extensively studied. In this review, we describe current practices and promising therapeutic options on the horizon for TNBC, surgical advances, and future trends in molecular determinants of response to therapy in early-stage TNBC.
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory, recurrent follicular disorder affecting apocrine gland bearing areas such as axillae, inframammary area and groin. Significant association of ...HS with metabolic derangements such as hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia and hyperinsulinemia has been found. There is dearth of literature on epidemiological and metabolic profile of HS in Indian subjects.
The aim of this study is to assess abnormalities in the levels of fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, and lipid profile in patients with HS.
To assess the frequency of abnormal levels of fasting blood sugar, serum insulin and lipid profile in patients with HS. Secondary objectives: To assess the frequency of hypertension, raised basal metabolic index, polycystic ovarian syndrome, follicular disorder, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and c-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with HS and to assess the severity of of clinical presentation HS using Hurley staging system.
This is a retrospective record based study. Records of clinically diagnosed patients of HS, aged > 18 years fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were analysed.
Total 30 patients were recruited with 1:1 male to female ratio. Five (16.67%) cases fulfilled NCEP ATP III criteria for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Statistically significant association was observed between severity of HS, in younger age group (<20 years), moderate to severe BMI, fasting serum insulin, fasting total cholesterol and raised ESR.
This is retrospective, hospital record based study with small sample size.
Holistic management of HS should be individualized according to need of patient and it should be combined approach including dermatologist, plastic surgeon, psychiatrist and dietician. We recommend an initial screening for derangements in metabolic profile in these patients for more effective management and preventing long term cardiovascular complications.
Estradiol (E2), a highly lipophilic molecule with good oral absorption but poor oral bioavailability, was incorporated into poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles to improve its oral ...bioavailability. Nanoparticles were prepared by using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DMAB) as stabilizer, leading to negatively (size 410.9+/-39.4 nm) and positively (size 148.3+/-10.7 nm) charged particles, respectively. Both preparations showed near zero order release in vitro with about 95% drug being released within 45 and 31 days for PVA and DMAB, respectively. In situ intestinal uptake studies in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats showed higher uptake of DMAB stabilized nanoparticles. Following oral administration to male SD rats, E2 could be detected in blood for 7 and 2 days from DMAB and PVA stabilized nanoparticles, respectively. Histopathological examination and blood counts indicated the absence of inflammatory response. These data suggest that DMAB stabilized PLGA nanoparticles have great potential as carriers for oral delivery of estradiol.
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