The ultracold-neutron (UCN) source at the Paul Scherrer Institute serves mainly experiments in fundamental physics. High UCN intensities are the key for progress and success in such experiments. A ...detailed understanding of all source parameters is required for future improvements. Here we present the UCN source components, elements of the neutron optics, the characterization of important related parameters like emptying times, storage times and transmission probabilities of UCNs, which are ultimately defining the UCN intensity delivered at the beamports. We also introduce a detailed simulation model of the PSI UCN source, used to analyze the measurements and to extract surface parameters. This work illustrates the successful construction and operation of a large-scale facility delivering high UCN count rate. The observed characteristics of many neutron-optics parameters has been successfully simulated in a detailed Monte-Carlo model implemented in the MCUCN code.
When patients are disorientated or experience language barriers, it is impossible to activate the emergency response system. In these cases, the delay for receiving appropriate help can extend to ...several hours.
A worldwide emergency call support system (ECSS), including geolocation of modern smartphones (GPS, WLAN and LBS), was established referring to E911 and eCall systems. The system was tested for relevance in quickly forwarding abroad emergency calls to emergency medical services (EMS).
To verify that geolocation data from smartphones are exact enough to be used for emergency cases, the accuracy of GPS (global positioning system), Wi-Fi (wireless LAN network) and LBS (location based system) was tested in eleven different countries and compared to actual location. The main objective was analyzed by simulation of emergencies in different countries. The time delay in receiving help in unsuccessful emergency call cases by using the worldwide emergency call support system (ECSS) was measured.
GPS is the gold standard to locate patients with an average accuracy of 2.0 ± 3.3 m. Wi-Fi can be used within buildings with an accuracy of 7.0 ± 24.1 m. Using ECSS, the emergency call leads to a successful activation of EMS in 22.8 ± 10.8 min (Median 21 min). The use of a simple app with one button to touch did never cause any delay.
The worldwide emergency call support system (ECSS) significantly improves the emergency response in cases of disorientated patients or language barriers. Under circumstances without ECSS, help can be delayed by 2 or more hours and might have relevant lifesaving effects. This is the first time that Wi-Fi geolocation could prove to be a useful improvement in emergencies to enhance GPS, especially within or close to buildings.
Business Models in the Service World Weinhardt, Christof; Anandasivam, Arun; Blau, Benjamin ...
IT professional,
03/2009, Letnik:
11, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The authors provide a criteria catalogue to characterize cloud computing and their own Cloud Business Ontology Model to classify current product offerings and pricing models.
.
Solid deuterium (sD
2
is used as an efficient converter to produce ultracold neutrons (UCN). It is known that the sD
2
must be sufficiently cold, of high purity and mostly in its ortho-state in ...order to guarantee long lifetimes of UCN in the solid from which they are extracted into vacuum. Also the UCN transparency of the bulk sD
2
material must be high because crystal inhomogeneities limit the mean free path for elastic scattering and reduce the extraction efficiency. Observations at the UCN sources at Paul Scherrer Institute and at Los Alamos National Laboratory consistently show a decrease of the UCN yield with time of operation after initial preparation or later treatment (“conditioning”) of the sD
2
. We show that, in addition to the quality of the bulk sD
2
, the quality of its surface is essential. Our observations and simulations support the view that the surface is deteriorating due to a build-up of D
2
frost-layers under pulsed operation which leads to strong albedo reflections of UCN and subsequent loss. We report results of UCN yield measurements, temperature and pressure behavior of deuterium during source operation and conditioning, and UCN transport simulations. This, together with optical observations of sD
2
frost formation on initially transparent sD
2
in offline studies with pulsed heat input at the North Carolina State University UCN source, results in a consistent description of the UCN yield decrease.
The Paul Scherrer Institut operates two meson graphite targets, Target M and Target E, for creating the world’s most intense pion and muon beams by using 590 MeV protons and c.w. beam currents of up ...to 2.4 mA (=1.4 MW). The energy deposit on Target E is 20 kW mA
−1
. The proton beam feeds also the spallation neutron source SINQ, which operates in DC mode and produces thermal and cold neutrons. The SINQ target consists of a bundle of lead filled Zircaloy tubes. In this report the continuous developments of both target facilities and their operation are presented.
The PSI ultra-cold neutron source Anghel, A.; Atchison, F.; Blau, B. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
12/2009, Letnik:
611, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
A new type of ultra-cold neutron (UCN) source based on the spallation process is under construction at PSI. The essential elements are a pulsed proton beam with highest intensity (
I
p
≥
2
mA
) and a ...low duty cycle (1%), a lead spallation target, a large
D
2
O
moderator and a solid deuterium (
sD
2
) converter system. Spallation neutrons are thermalized in the
D
2
O
, further cooled and partially downscattered into the ultra-cold neutron range in the
sD
2
. The expected UCN density is higher than
1000
UCN
/
cm
3
in typical experiments, an increase of almost two orders of magnitude over the best source currently available (at ILL). The new UCN source is expected to come into operation in 2009.
•The highlight of this study is the use of outcome criteria for improved dispatch of HEMS criteria.•Accidents with relevant head, abdominal and / or chest trauma (ISS > = 9).•Signs of hemorrhagic ...shock, including low blood pressure.•Glasgow Coma Scale < 8.•When the overall time for the mission, ending in an appropriate trauma center, will be in favor of HEMS.
The aim of the study was to analyze helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) in comparison to EMS, in respect to patient’s mortality and morbidity.
From a cohort of traumatized patients (n = 1724) prospectively enrolled in the German trauma registry (DGU-R) at Frankfurt University Hospital from 2009 to 2013, 1646 could be analyzed for in-hospital mortality and short-term outcome (GOS) at discharge and compared between HEMS and EMS.
129 patients (7.8%) died in the hospital. Unadjusted mortality was significantly lower in the HEMS group compared to EMS (p = 0.001). In a multiple logistic regression analysis after adjustment of variables including reanimation and age as the strongest predictors, in-hospital mortality was significantly reduced in HEMS (p = 0.014, OR = 0.21). Further predictors in the multiple logistic regression analysis were GCS > = 8 (p = 0.001), RRsys (p < 0.001), ISS at Head/Neck > = 3 (p = 0.003), and total ISS > = 9 (p < 0.001). Total rescue time and on scene time were associated with mortality (p < 0.001) but not included in the multiple logistic regression model. Without adjustment, short-term outcome (GOS) was significantly improved (p = 0.014). In a linear model, after adjusting for multiple variables including age, ISS Head/Neck > = 3, ISS Extremities > = 3, GCS > = 8, and RRsys as the strongest predictors (p < 0.001), the association remained significant (p = 0.043). Further predictors in the multiple linear regression analysis were total ISS > = 9 (p = 0.002), ISS abdomen (p = 0.001), and ISS Chest (p = 0.011).
A significant improvement for in-hospital survival for HEMS could be demonstrated. Especially in Germany, with a high number of secondary call outs (about 44%) after EMS has already reached the traumatized patient, HEMS must be the first choice for severely injured trauma patients. Dispatch criteria for immediate alarm of HEMS are recommended under practical considerations.
The 'Paul Scherrer Institut' (PSI,
http://www.psi.ch
) operates three major user laboratories for condensed-matter research on one campus: a third generation X-ray synchrotron source (SLS), the ...world's most powerful continuous-beam μSR facility (SμS) and the only continuous spallation neutron-source worldwide (SINQ).
At the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), a very intense source of ultracold neutrons (UCN) is being built. The UCN converter of solid deuterium must be contained in a vessel. Produced UCN leave that ...vessel through its top lid. To decide on the design of the vessel and the top lid, we have measured the transmission of neutrons with velocities between 3 and 20
m/s through different material foils. Contrary to expectations, we found that transmission through aluminium and aluminium alloys is equal or even higher compared to zirconium and reactor-grade zirconium alloys, respectively.
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