Readers will find particularly fascinating the author's valiant attempt to account for the radical transformation of Mohammed Sidique Khan, the leader of the men who set off bombs in four places in ...London on July 7, 2005. Leiken does as much as one can to piece together Khan's post- 1992 trajectory, through dead-end jobs and a stint as leader of the "Mullah Boys," a Pakistani gang who forcibly detoxified fellow Asians who had become crack addicts.
IntroductionCochrane Eyes and Vision (CEV) is an international network of individuals working to prepare, maintain and promote access to systematic reviews of interventions to treat, prevent or ...diagnose eye diseases or vision impairment. CEV plans to undertake a priority setting exercise to identify systematically research questions relevant to our scope, and to formally incorporate input from a wide range of stakeholders to set priorities for new and updated reviews.Methods and analysisThe scope of CEV is broad and our reviews include conditions that are common and have a high global disease burden, for example, cataract and dry eye disease, and conditions that are rare but have a high impact on quality of life and high individual cost such as eye cancer. We plan to focus on conditions prioritised by WHO during the development of the Package of Eye Care Interventions. These conditions were selected based on a combination of data on disease magnitude, healthcare use and expert opinion. We will identify priority review questions systematically by summarising relevant data on research in Eyes and Vision from a range of sources, and compiling a list of 10–15 potential review questions (new and/or updates) for each condition group. We will seek the views of external and internal stakeholders on this list by conducting an online survey. Equity will be a specific consideration.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by the ethics committee of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. We will disseminate the findings through Cochrane channels and prepare a summary of the work for publication in a peer-reviewed journal.
Postmenopausal women with elevated circulating androgen concentrations have an increased risk of developing breast cancer,
yet interventions to reduce androgen levels have not been identified. We ...examined the effects of a 12-month moderate intensity
exercise intervention on serum androgens. The study was a randomized clinical trial in 173 sedentary, overweight (body mass
index ≥ 24.0 kg/m 2 , body fat > 33%), postmenopausal women, ages 50 to 75 years, not using hormone therapy and living in the Seattle, WA area.
The exercise intervention included facility-based and home-based exercise (45 minutes, 5 days per week of moderate intensity
sports/recreational exercise). A total of 170 (98.3%) women completed the study, with exercisers averaging 171 minutes per
week of exercise. Women in the exercise and control groups experienced similar, nonsignificant declines in most androgens.
Among women who lost >2% body fat, testosterone and free testosterone concentrations fell by 10.1% and 12.2% between baseline
and 12 months in exercisers compared with a decrease of 1.6% and 8.0% in controls ( P = 0.02 and 0.03 compared with exercisers, respectively). Concentrations of testosterone and free testosterone among exercisers
who lost between 0.5% and 2% body fat declined by 4.7% and 10.4%. In controls who lost this amount of body fat, concentrations
of testosterone and free testosterone declined by only 2.8% and 4.3% ( P = 0.03 and 0.01 compared with exercisers, respectively). In summary, given similar levels of body fat loss, women randomized
to a 12-month exercise intervention had greater declines in testosterone and free testosterone compared with controls. The
association between exercise and breast cancer risk may be partly explained by the effects of exercise on these hormones.
Ocean surface circulation can be estimated by automated tracking of thermal infrared features in pairs of sequential satellite imagery. A 7-yr time series of velocity, extracted from thermal imagery ...of the East Australian Current using the maximum cross-correlation (MCC) technique, provides enough measurements for a more statistical evaluation of the method than has previously been possible. Excluding 1 yr with extensive cloud cover, the method produces about 8000 velocity estimates per month with some seasonal variation. Method precision is estimated to be between 0.08 and 0.2 m s^sup -1^ rms, the lower value with more restrictive compositing. Mean flow, time-dependent flow, and eddy kinetic energy from the time series are compared with values derived from a dynamic height climatology, altimeter analyses, and drifter datasets in the region. The observations reproduce similar features in the flow. The differences between the observations are discussed in relation to noise in the methods and differences in the types of velocities they measure.
The entry of Islam into France’s public space touched two sharp nerves that had long run through the nation’s history of contentious politics: the tensions generated by waves of immigration, and the ...thin, sometimes frayed thread of religious toleration. In one sense Islam was nothing new, in another it was wholly different, and its entry brought back into public consciousness fights and fissures that previously and otherwise could be more easily forgotten: colonial repressions, modern anti-Semitism, and the struggles between Catholics and Republicans.¹
France as a whole was shaped by immigration, and most of it was from elsewhere in Europe.
We have moved from the broadly historical picture of the French Islamic landscape to a closer focus on the mosques, institutes, and schools that populate it, to a still closer-in look at the forms of ...reasoning and debate that take place among Muslims in these Islamic spaces. We were among Muslims, looking across and outward. In the previous chapter we began to move back from this close focus, and to consider possibilities for convergence across the boundaries of realms of justification. We saw how Muslims invoked socially pragmatic forms of Islamic reasoning address practical problems, and also how they could
Mosques become important in this landscape, and not only for religious reasons. Mosques and their smaller cousins, prayer houses, have become important spatial nodes around which Muslims work to ...shape the Islamic presence in France. They do so in ways that start from congregational prayer but extend to teaching, social services, and political representation. Three brief portraits of mosques will give us a better idea of the range of ways in which mosques “face outward” as starting points for social networks and political struggles and, in doing so, cross lines ethnic origins and normative traditions.
In the first case, we
My title, of course, rests on an indefensible premise. Islam cannot be exclusively French any more than it can be American or Egyptian, because its claims are universal. Although inflected and shaped ...by national or regional values, Islam, like Catholicism and Judaism, rests on traditions that cross political boundaries.
Let me try another way to understand the question: Can Islam become a generally accepted part of the French social landscape? Of course, it will not have the background status of Catholicism anytime soon—Parisians may not notice a cross or a church; they certainly notice a headscarf or a minaret.
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