Background
Theorists have proposed that the way children process social–emotional information may serve as a mechanism of risk for the intergenerational transmission of depression. There is growing ...evidence that infants and children of mothers with a history of major depressive disorder (MDD) during the child's life exhibit attentional avoidance of sad faces, which has been proposed as an early emerging emotion regulation strategy. In contrast, there is clear evidence that at‐risk and depressed adolescents and adults exhibit difficulty disengaging attention from sad faces.
Methods
Seeking to link these two literatures, the current U.S.‐based study used eye tracking within the context of an accelerated longitudinal design to assess attentional biases in 8–14‐year‐old offspring of mothers with a history MDD during the child's life (n = 123) or no history of MDD (n = 119) every six months for two years, allowing us to map trajectories of attention from age 8 to 16.
Results
Mother MDD history moderated age‐based changes in children's gaze duration to sad (t240 = 2.44, p = .02), but not happy (t240 = 0.11, p = .91) or angry (t240 = 0.67, p = .50), faces. Consistent our hypotheses, offspring of mothers with MDD exhibited significantly less attention to sad faces than offspring of never depressed mothers before age 8.5 but significantly more attention to sad faces after age 14.5, which was due to an increase in gaze duration to sad faces from childhood to adolescence among offspring of mothers with MDD (t122 = 5.44, p < .001) but not among offspring of never depressed mothers (t118 = 1.49, p = .14).
Conclusions
It appears that the form, and perhaps function, of attentional bias may shift across development in at‐risk youth. To the extent that this is true, it has significant implications not only for theories of the intergenerational transmission of depression risk but also for prevention and early intervention efforts designed to reduce this risk.
Objective
Non‐suicidal self‐injury (NSSI) is a significant mental health concern with the highest prevalence among adolescents. NSSI has been conceptualized as one of the maladaptive strategies to ...cope with challenging affect or a form of self‐punishment. Although characterizing moment‐to‐moment associations between shame and NSSI in individuals' real‐world environment and partitioning between‐ and within‐person effects is critical for mobile and timely interventions, most studies examined habitual experiences of negative affective states and focused on adults.
Method
In this study, we focused on in vivo anger at self and others and shame and NSSI among 158 adolescents 3 weeks following their psychiatric hospitalizations using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) technology.
Results
We found that greater between‐person levels of anger at self and others were linked to a higher number of subsequent NSSI occurrences within a day. These findings remained primarily unchanged when we statistically adjusted for participants' age, sex assigned at birth, the number of current psychiatric diagnoses, EMA response rates, and youth lifetime history of SI. Within‐person increases in NSSI were linked to increased anger at self over and beyond between‐person average levels of NSSI.
Conclusions
These findings highlight the potential regulatory role of NSSI to decrease negative affective states and point to the clinical utility of assessing and early mobile interventions targeting challenging affect in youth.
Background and Aims
A fast‐growing body of literature linking emotion dysregulation to substance use has almost exclusively relied on cross‐sectional designs and has generally failed to assess ...dysregulation stemming from positive emotions. The current study measured the momentary associations between both negative and positive emotion dysregulation and substance use, as well as the moderating role of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Design
Micro‐longitudinal momentary data were collected three times per day for 30 days using phone‐based interactive voice recording.
Setting
Northeastern United States.
Participants
A total of 145 community women (M, age = 40.56, 40.3% white) experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) and using substances were recruited from 2018 until 2020.
Measurements
Momentary surveys assessed negative and positive emotion dysregulation and alcohol, drug, and cigarette use. PTSD diagnosis was derived from a structured diagnostic interview.
Findings
Between‐person relations that remained significant after covariate adjustment and correction for multiple testing were found for negative emotion dysregulation and both number of drinks (internal rate of return IRR = 1.45; 95% CI = 1.07, 1.93; β = 0.37) and drug use (OR = 3.78; 95% CI = 1.86, 7.69; β = 1.33), and positive emotion dysregulation and number of cigarettes (OR = 1.40; 95% CI = 1.07, 1.82; β = 0.34). Of six interactions tests, PTSD was only shown to moderate the within‐person relation between positive emotion dysregulation and drug use, even after controlling for relevant covariates and adjusting for multiple testing (OR = 1.26; 95% CI = 1.04, 1.51; β = 0.23), such that women experiencing intimate partner violence with versus without PTSD were more likely to use drugs when experiencing periods of elevated positive emotion dysregulation.
Conclusions
Women experiencing intimate partner violence with higher levels of negative dysregulation relative to others may use more alcohol and be more likely to use drugs. Women experiencing intimate partner violence with higher levels of positive dysregulation relative to others may use more cigarettes. Women experiencing intimate partner violence who also have posttraumatic stress disorder may be more likely to use drugs when experiencing momentary elevated levels of positive emotion dysregulation than those who do not also have posttraumatic stress disorder.
Consumer food choices are often focused on protein intake, but the chosen sources are frequently either animal-based protein that has high fat content or plant-based protein that is low in other ...nutrients. In either case, these protein sources often lack dietary fiber, which is a nutrient of concern in the 2020-2025 Dietary Guide for Americans. Pulse crops, such as dry edible beans (
L.), are a rich source of dietary protein and contain approximately equal amounts of dietary fiber per 100 kcal edible portion; yet the consumer's attention has not been directed to this important fact. If product labeling were used to draw attention to the similar ratio of dietary protein to dietary fiber in dry bean and other pulses, measures of carbohydrate quality could also be highlighted. Dietary fiber is categorized into three fractions, namely, soluble (SDF), insoluble (IDF), and oligosaccharides (OLIGO), yet nutrient composition databases, as well as food labels, usually report only crude fiber. The objectives of this research were to measure the content of SDF, IDF, and OLIGO in a large genetically diverse panel of bean cultivars and improved germplasm (
= 275) and determine the impact of growing environment on the content of DF. Dietary fiber was evaluated using the American Association of Analytical Chemist 2011.25 method on bean seed grown at two locations. Dry bean cultivars differed for all DF components (
≤ 0.05). Insoluble dietary fiber constituted the highest portion of total DF (54.0%), followed by SDF (29.1%) and OLIGO (16.8%). Mean total DF and all components did not differ among genotypes grown in two field environments. These results indicate that value could be added to dry bean by cultivar-specific food labeling for protein and components of dietary fiber.
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend a 20–35 percent daily intake of fat. Resisting the temptation to eat high-fat foods, in conjunction with stage of readiness to avoid these foods, has ...been shown to influence healthy behavior change. Data (N = 6516) from three randomized controlled trials were pooled to examine the relationships among direct intervention effects on temptations and stage of change for limiting high-fat foods. Findings demonstrate separate simultaneous growth processes in which baseline level of temptations, but not the rate of change in temptations, was significantly related to the change in readiness to avoid high-fat foods.
ABSTRACT
The period after psychiatric hospitalization is an extraordinarily high‐risk period for suicidal thoughts and behaviours (STBs). Affective–cognitive constructs (ACCs) are salient risk ...factors for STBs, and intensive longitudinal metrics of these constructs may improve personalized risk detection and intervention. However, limited research has examined how within‐person daily levels and between‐person dynamic metrics of ACCs relate to STBs after hospital discharge. Adult psychiatric inpatients (N = 95) completed a 65‐day ecological momentary assessment protocol after discharge as part of a 6‐month follow‐up period. Using dynamic structural equation models, we examined both within‐person daily levels and between‐person dynamic metrics (intensity, variability and inertia) of positive and negative affect, rumination, distress intolerance and emotion dysregulation as risk factors for STBs. Within‐person lower daily levels of positive affect and higher daily levels of negative affect, rumination, distress intolerance and emotion dysregulation were risk factors for next‐day suicidal ideation (SI). Same‐day within‐person higher rumination and negative affect were also risk factors for same‐day SI. At the between‐person level, higher overall positive affect was protective against active SI and suicidal behaviour over the 6‐month follow‐up, while greater variability of rumination and distress intolerance increased risk for active SI, suicidal behaviour and suicide attempt. The present study provides the most comprehensive examination to date of intensive longitudinal metrics of ACCs as risk factors for STBs. Results support the continued use of intensive longitudinal methods to improve STB risk detection. Interventions focusing on rumination and distress intolerance may specifically help to prevent suicidal crises during critical transitions in care.
Behavioral health interventions, including behavioral obesity treatment, typically target psychosocial qualities of the individual (e.g., knowledge, self-efficacy) that are largely treated as ...persistent, over momentary contextual factors (e.g., affect, environmental conditions). The variance in treatment outcomes that can be attributable to these two sources is rarely quantified but may help inform future research and treatment development efforts.
The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for weekly weight loss was calculated in three studies involving 10-12 weeks of behavioral obesity treatment delivered to adults via in-person group sessions, mobile application, or website. The ICC explains the proportion of variance between vs. within individuals, and was used to infer the contribution of individual vs. contextual factors to weekly weight loss. The analytic approach involved unconditional linear mixed effect models with a random effect for subject.
The ICCs were very low, ranging from 0.01 to 0.06, suggesting that momentary contextual factors may influence obesity treatment outcomes to a substantial degree.
This study yielded preliminary evidence that the influence of contextual factors in behavioral obesity treatment may be underappreciated. Future research is needed to simultaneously identify and quantify sources of within- and between-subjects variance to optimize treatment approaches.
Cortisol reactivity is a frequently studied biomarker of substance use, though infrequently examined in adolescence. However, past research provides evidence that multiple developmental influences, ...including genetics and both prenatal and postnatal environmental influences, contribute both to cortisol reactivity and adolescent substance use. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of these earlier developmental influences on cortisol reactivity to a social stress challenge and adolescent substance use (smoking, alcohol, and marijuana use frequency assessed at age 16 years), using data from the TRacking Adolescents’ Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS;
N
=
2230 adolescents, 51% female). Developmental pathways included polygenic risk, prenatal stress, warm parenting (age 11), and internalizing and externalizing problems (intercepts and change from 11–16 years). Cortisol reactivity was associated with smoking but not alcohol or marijuana use. Externalizing problems were the stronger predictor of adolescent substance use, but internalizing problems also had an important role. Prenatal stress and middle childhood parenting operated via middle childhood externalizing problems, and parenting also operated via trajectories of growth of externalizing problems in predicting adolescent substance use outcomes. Further, there were protective effects of internalizing problems for alcohol and marijuana use in the context of a more comprehensive model. These developmental influences did not attenuate the association of cortisol reactivity and smoking. These findings suggest a need to understand the broader developmental context regarding the impact of internalizing pathways to substance use, and that it is unlikely that cortisol reactivity and smoking are associated solely because of common developmental influences.
•Adolescents are at elevated suicide risk following psychiatric hospitalization.•Within-person increased misery and anger were associated with suicidal ideation.•Within-person happiness was ...protective for same-day suicidal ideation.•Within-person happiness was a risk factor for next-day suicidal ideation.•These dynamic risk factors represent modifiable, real-time treatment targets.
Suicide is a major public health problem among adolescents. Identifying factors that confer increased risk for suicidal ideation, particularly during the high-risk period following psychiatric hospitalization, is essential for preventing suicide in this population. Negative and positive affect are two such important modifiable risk factors. This study examined relationships between specific affective states and suicidal ideation, collected via daily diary, as continuous functions of time among discharged adolescents. Adolescents hospitalized for suicidal ideation and/or behavior responded to daily surveys for four weeks after discharge (N = 34; 952 observations). Time-varying effects models (TVEM) were used to predict same- and next-day suicidal ideation. Examining between-persons effects, adolescents reporting greater misery and less happiness compared to others had a significantly increased likelihood of same-day suicidal ideation; between-person anger was not significantly associated with suicidal ideation. Within-persons effects suggested that elevated same-day, but not previous-day, misery and anger were associated with suicidal ideation. Elevated within-person happiness was protective for same-day suicidal ideation, but was also associated with next-day suicidal ideation. These findings begin to clarify not only which, but when, specific affective processes influence suicidal ideation for discharged adolescents. These dynamic risk factors represent modifiable treatment targets relevant for real-time interventions.
Sexual and gender minority youth (SGMY) are at greater risk than their heterosexual and cisgender counterparts for suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB) and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). Unique ...stressors (i.e., minority stressors) specific to SGMY's stigmatized identities such as discrimination or concealment of one's identity are posited to explain these disparities. However, there is limited research examining the associations among minority stressors, affective mediating processes, and STB and NSSI in SGMY's daily lives. We conducted a 28-day daily diary study to test the mediating effects of daily negative and positive affect and emotion dysregulation between minority stressors and STB and NSSI among SGMY who were recruited from clinical and community settings. Participants were 92 SGMY, aged 12-19 years old (M = 16.45; SD = 1.81; 64% cisgender; 69% White). Results indicated that on days SGMY experienced external and internalized minority stressors, they reported greater intensity of suicidal and nonsuicidal self-injurious ideation and affective distress (i.e., greater negative affect, lower positive affect, and more emotion dysregulation). Greater affective reactivity processes were associated with greater suicidal and nonsuicidal self-injurious ideation intensity on the same day. Most of the within-person associations between external and internalized minority stressors and ideation intensity were mediated by heightened negative affect and emotion dysregulation but not lower positive affect. Our results provide the first evidence of these associations among SGMY, advance the minority stress model, and have implications for clinical interventions as we identified modifiable affective mechanisms.
General Scientific SummaryOn days sexual and gender minority youth experience greater than their usual minority stressors, such as discrimination, microaggressions, identity concealment, and internalized stigma, they report greater intensity of their thoughts of suicide and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and more emotional distress and dysregulation (i.e., greater negative affect, lower positive affect, and more emotion dysregulation). Emotional distress and dysregulation are also associated with greater intensity of thoughts of suicide and NSSI on the same day. The within-person associations between daily minority stressors and intensity of thoughts of suicide and NSSI were mostly accounted for by negative affect and emotion dysregulation but not positive affect.
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