: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) represents the most frequent procedure performed in medicine. Second generation drug eluting stents (DES) have been developed to reduce the rates of late ...and very late complications of first generation DES.
: To improve long-term efficacy and safety of patients undergoing PCI, second generation DES have been developed with novel stent platforms, biocompatible durable and biodegradable polymers and newer antiproliferative agents. In this review we provide an overview of second generation DES and their clinical trials, discussing safety and effectiveness of these devices, and outlining clinical indication for use.
: Numerous clinical trials have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of second generation DES over the last decade. These devices represent the gold standard treatment in stable and acute coronary syndromes.
Despite the promising value of miRNAs in the diagnostic and prognostic of cardiovascular disease (CVD), recent meta-analyses did not support their potential. Methodological variances in studies may ...interfere with miRNA profile and affect their results. This study determines if the blood starting material is a source of variance in miRNA profile by performing a paired comparison in plasma and serum of the expression of primary miRNAs associated with CVD. Circulating miRNA yield was similar in both plasma and serum, although a significant increase was observed in patients with Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) compared to control volunteers. When normalized by the expression of miR-484, different patterns of miRNA expression between serum and plasma. Although NSTEMI modified the expression of miR-1 and miR-208 in both serum and plasma, plasma displayed a higher variance than serum (Levene's test p < 0.01). For miR-133a and miR-26a, differences were only detected in serum (p = 0.0240), and conversely, miR-499a showed differences only in plasma of NSTEMI (p = 0.001). Interestingly, miR-21 showed an opposite pattern of expression, being increased in serum (2
: 5.7, p = 0.0221) and decreased in plasma (2
: 0.5, p = 0.0107). Plasma and serum exhibit different patterns of circulating miRNA expression in NSTEMI and suggest that results from studies with different starting material could not be comparable.
Summary Background Data for the safety and efficacy of new-generation drug-eluting stents at long-term follow-up, and specifically in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, are ...scarce. In the EXAMINATION trial, we compared everolimus-eluting stents (EES) with bare-metal stents (BMS) in an all-comer population with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. In this study, we assessed the 5-year outcomes of the population in the EXAMINATION trial. Methods In the multicentre EXAMINATION trial, done in Italy, Spain, and the Netherlands, patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive EES or BMS. The random allocation schedule was computer-generated and central randomisation (by telephone) was used to allocate patients in blocks of four or six, stratified by centre. Patients were masked to treatment assignment. At 5 years, we assessed the combined patient-oriented outcome of all-cause death, any myocardial infarction, or any revascularisation. Analysis was by intention to treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov , number NCT00828087. Findings 1498 patients were randomly assigned to receive either EES (n=751) or BMS (n=747). At 5 years, complete clinical follow-up data were obtained for 731 patients treated with EES and 727 treated with BMS (97% of both groups). The patient-oriented endpoint occurred in 159 (21%) patients in the EES group versus 192 (26%) in the BMS group (hazard ratio 0·80, 95% CI 0·65–0·98; p=0·033). This difference was mainly driven by a reduced rate of all-cause mortality (65 9% vs 88 12%; 0·72, 0·52–0·10; p=0·047). Interpretation Our findings should be taken as a point of reference for the assessment of new bioresorbable polymer-based metallic stents or bioresorbable scaffolds in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Funding Spanish Heart Foundation.
The aim of the study was to develop a scoring model to evaluate the quality of bioresorbable vascular scaffold (BVS) implantation and determine the model's usefulness in predicting adverse cardiac ...events.
The implantation technique and clinical outcomes of 1,736 lesions treated with BVS were analysed using the GHOST-EU registry. Predilation, scaffold sizing, and post-dilation (PSP) were scored according to the hazard model derived from the weight of these variables. The primary endpoint was a one-year device-oriented composite endpoint (DoCE) composed of cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction, and clinically driven target lesion revascularisation. Definite/probable scaffold thrombosis was also evaluated as defined by the Academic Research Consortium. The PSP model performance was evaluated by internal validation. Predilation, correct scaffold sizing, and post-dilation with a non-compliant balloon were performed in 95.7%, 50.2%, and 26.2% of the cases and scored 0.63, 1.96 and 1.93 points, respectively, in the PSP-1 model. PSP-1 was an independent predictor of one-year DoCE (HR 0.75, 95% CI: 0.61-0.93; p=0.007), but with poor calibration and discrimination (AUC 0.611, 95% CI: 0.545-0.677). No patient with a maximum PSP-1 score had scaffold thrombosis, compared to those with a non-maximum PSP-1 score (0% vs. 2.3%; p=0.095).
At one-year follow-up, the PSP-1 score was an independent predictor of DoCE. External validation and prospective studies are needed to determine the clinical usefulness of this score.
Atherosclerosis is the main cause of coronary artery disease (CAD), which is today the leading cause of death worldwide and will continue to be the first in the world in 2030. Vulnerable coronary ...plaques are usually characterized by a high content of necrotic core, a thin inflamed fibrous cap (intense accumulation of macrophages) and scarce presence of smooth muscle cells. None of these characteristics can be estimated by coronary angiography, which on the contrary underestimates the magnitude of atherosclerotic burden, particularly in earlier stage disease when positive vascular remodeling may allow “normal” lumen caliber despite substantial vascular wall plaque. The recognition of the ubiquity of substantial but non-flow limiting lesions that may be at high risk for subsequent plaque rupture has resulted in a paradigm shift in thinking about the pathophysiology of CAD, with the focus no longer solely on the degree of arterial luminal narrowing. This growing need for more information about coronary atherosclerosis in order to identify patients and lesions at risk for complications during PCI and for future adverse cardiac events has been the primary impetus for the development of novel intracoronary imaging methods able to detect plaque composition, in particular presence of a necrotic core/lipid pool, such as intravascular ultrasound virtual histology and near-infrared spectroscopy. These imaging technologies and their clinical and clinical/research applications are discussed in detail. (Circ J 2014; 78: 1531–1539)
Ticagrelor or Prasugrel in Acute Coronary Syndromes Carbonell-Prat, Bàrbara; Flores-Umanzor, Eduardo; Brugaletta, Salvatore ...
The New England journal of medicine,
01/2020, Letnik:
382, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
To the Editor:
In the ISAR-REACT (Intracoronary Stenting and Antithrombotic Regimen: Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment) 5 trial comparing ticagrelor with prasugrel in patients with an acute ...coronary syndrome, Schüpke et al. (Oct. 17 issue)
1
found a significantly higher incidence of primary end-point events (a composite of death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) in the ticagrelor group than in the prasugrel group (hazard ratio, 1.36; 95% confidence interval CI, 1.09 to 1.70; P=0.006) without a significant difference between the two groups in major bleeding (type 3, 4, or 5 on the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium scale) (hazard ratio, 1.12; 95% . . .
Background: The role of circulating progenitor cells (CPC) in vascular repair following everolimus-eluting stent (EES) implantation is largely unknown. The aim of the study was to investigate the ...relationship between temporal variation in CPC levels following EES implantation and the degree of peri-procedural vascular damage, and stent healing, as measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT).Methods and Results: CPC populations (CD133+/KDR+/CD45low) included patients with stable coronary artery disease undergoing stent implantation, and were evaluated using a flow cytometry technique both at baseline and at 1 week. OCT evaluation was performed immediately post-implantation to quantify the stent-related injury and at a 9-month follow up to assess the mid-term vascular response. Twenty patients (mean age 66±9 years; 80% male) with EES-treated stenoses (n=24) were included in this study. Vascular injury score was associated with the 1-week increase of CD133+/KDR+/CD45low (β 0.28 95% CI 0.15; 0.41; P<0.001) and with maximum neointimal thickness at a 9-month follow up (β 0.008 95% CI 0.0004; 0.002; P=0.04). Inverse relationships between numbers of uncoated and apposed struts for the 9-month and the 1-week delta values of CD133+/KDR+/CD45low (β −12.53 95% CI −22.17; −2.90; P=0.011), were also found.Conclusions: The extent of vessel wall injury influences early changes in the levels of CPC and had an effect on mid-term vascular healing after EES implantation. Early CPC mobilisation was associated with mid-term strut coverage.
To analyse the vasoreactivity of a coronary segment, previously scaffolded by the ABSORB bioresorbable vascular scaffold (BVS) device, in relationship to its intravascular ultrasound-virtual ...histology (IVUS-VH) composition and reduction in greyscale echogenicity of the struts. Coronary segments, transiently scaffolded by a polymeric device, may in the long-term recover a normal vasomotor tone. Recovery of a normal endothelial-dependent vasomotion may be enabled by scaffold bioresorption, composition of the underlying tissue, or a combination of both mechanisms.
All patients from the ABSORB Cohort A and B trials, who underwent a vasomotion test and IVUS-VH investigation at 12 and 24 months, were included. Acetylcholine (Ach) and nitroglycerin were used to test either the endothelial-dependent or -independent vasomotion of the treated segment. Changes in polymeric strut echogenicity-a surrogate for bioresorption-IVUS-VH composition of the tissue underneath the scaffold and their relationship with the pharmacologically induced vasomotion were all evaluated. Overall, 26 patients underwent the vasomotion test (18 at 12 and 8 at 24 months). Vasodilatory response to Ach was quantitatively associated with larger reductions over time in polymeric strut echogenicity (y= -0.159x- 6.85; r= -0.781, P< 0.001). Scaffolded segments with vasoconstriction to Ach had larger vessel areas (14.37 ± 2.50 vs. 11.85 ± 2.54 mm(2), P= 0.030), larger plaque burden (57.31 ± 5.96 vs. 49.09 ± 9.10%, P= 0.018), and larger necrotic core (NC) areas 1.39 (+1.14, +1.74) vs. 0.78 mm(2) (+0.20, +0.98), P= 0.006 compared with those with vasodilation.
Vasodilatory response to Ach, in coronary segments scaffolded by the ABSORB BVS device, is associated with a reduction in echogenicity of the scaffold over time, and a low amount of NC. In particular, the latter finding resembles the behaviour of a native coronary artery not caged by an intracoronary device.
Background: Lesions with thin-cap fibroatheroma (TCFA), small luminal area and large plaque burden (PB) have been considered at high risk of cardiovascular events. Older patients were not represented ...in studies which demonstrated correlation between clinical outcome and plaque characteristics. This study aims to investigate the prognostic role of high-risk plaque characteristics and long-term outcome in older patients presenting with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTEACS). Methods: This study recruited older patients aged ≥75 years with NSTEACS undergoing virtual-histology intravascular ultrasound (VH-IVUS) imaging from the Improve Clinical Outcomes in high-risk patieNts with acute coronary syndrome (ICON-1). Primary endpoint was the composite of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) consisting of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), and any revascularisation. Every component of MACE and target vessel failure (TVF) including MI and any revascularisation were considered as secondary endpoints. Results: Eighty-six patients with 225 vessels undergoing VH-IVUS at baseline completed 5-year clinical follow-up. Patients with minimal lumen area (MLA) ≤4 mm2 demonstrated increased risk of MACE (hazard ratio HR 2.37, 95% confidence interval CI 1.00–5.59, p = 0.048) with a worse event-free survival (Log Rank 4.17, p = 0.041) than patients with MLA >4 mm2. Patients with combination of TCFA, MLA ≤4 mm2 and PB ≥70% showed high risk of MI (HR 5.23, 95% CI 1.05–25.9, p = 0.043). Lesions with MLA ≤4 mm2 had 6-fold risk of TVF (HR 6.16, 95% CI 1.24–30.5, p = 0.026). Conclusions: Small luminal area appears as the major prognostic factor in older patients with NSTEACS at long-term follow-up. Combination of TCFA, MLA ≤4 mm2 and PB ≥70% was associated with high risk of MI. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT01933581.
ABSTRACT Ischemic heart disease is the most common cause of death worldwide. In patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), optimizing primary percutaneous coronary intervention ...is crucial to improve prognosis. Over the years, many studies have been published on the value of second-generation stents, strategies to reduce myocardial damage, how to achieve complete revascularization and also on percutaneous mechanical circulatory support devices, which all are attractive therapeutic options to treat patients with STEMI complicated by cardiogenic shock. In this review we will be discussing how primary percutaneous coronary intervention can be optimized with respect to stent selection and revascularization strategy to reduce myocardial damage and improve clinical outcomes. In addition, we review published data on the use of mechanical circulatory support devices in patients with STEMI complicated by cardiogenic shock.
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