•13 code generation methods for control logic in industrial automation since 2004.•Each method considers different inputs, transformations, and outputs.•Survey providing categorization in rule-based ...and higher-level programming.•Generating IEC 61131-3 control logic was demonstrated only on small examples so far.•Merging generated and hand-written code and backpropagation open research topics.
Software development for the automation of industrial facilities (e.g., oil platforms, chemical plants, power plants, etc.) involves implementing control logic, often in IEC 61131-3 programming languages. Developing safe and efficient program code is expensive and today still requires substantial manual effort. Researchers have thus proposed numerous approaches for automatic control logic generation in the last two decades, but a systematic, in-depth analysis of their capabilities and assumptions is missing. This paper proposes a novel classification framework for control logic generation approaches defining criteria derived from industry best practices. The framework is applied to compare and analyze 13 different control logic generation approaches. Prominent findings include different categories of control logic generation approaches, the challenge of dealing with iterative engineering processes, and the need for more experimental validations in larger case studies.
Given its non-invasive nature, there is increasing interest in the use of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) across basic, translational and clinical research. Contemporaneously, tVNS can ...be achieved by stimulating either the auricular branch or the cervical bundle of the vagus nerve, referred to as transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation(VNS) and transcutaneous cervical VNS, respectively. In order to advance the field in a systematic manner, studies using these technologies need to adequately report sufficient methodological detail to enable comparison of results between studies, replication of studies, as well as enhancing study participant safety. We systematically reviewed the existing tVNS literature to evaluate current reporting practices. Based on this review, and consensus among participating authors, we propose a set of minimal reporting items to guide future tVNS studies. The suggested items address specific technical aspects of the device and stimulation parameters. We also cover general recommendations including inclusion and exclusion criteria for participants, outcome parameters and the detailed reporting of side effects. Furthermore, we review strategies used to identify the optimal stimulation parameters for a given research setting and summarize ongoing developments in animal research with potential implications for the application of tVNS in humans. Finally, we discuss the potential of tVNS in future research as well as the associated challenges across several disciplines in research and clinical practice.
Abstract Tree growth is a multifaceted process influenced by various factors at different spatial and temporal scales, including intrinsic tree traits and environmental conditions. Climate factors ...have a significant impact on tree growth dynamics, while geological controls can also play a crucial role. However, our understanding of the interplay between these factors concerning tree growth is currently limited. This study focuses on Norway spruce ( Picea abies L. Karst.), one of the economically most important coniferous tree species in Europe, to investigate the interplay of growth, climate, and environment at the forest and corresponding treeline sites in the High Tatra Mountains of Slovakia. Specifically, we developed chronologies of tree-ring width (TRW) and late-wood density (MXD) for different tree size classes across two limestone and granitic sites. Growth rates of Norway spruce trees have been increasing in forests since the 1930s and from the 1950s at treelines. Growth rates were consistently higher on limestone bedrock compared to granitic bedrock conditions. Variability of radial growth is primarily driven by climate at both geological settings with trees on granitic bedrock displaying more pronounced responses to climatic variables. We observed weakening (non-stationarity) in climate signals over time and across all size classes in both geological settings. The magnitude of these effects is small, but varies across size classes, with larger trees generally displaying stronger climate sensitivities compared to smaller ones. Therefore, our findings accentuate the potential implications of geological settings, climate, and environmental factors on the absolute growth and growth dynamics of Norway spruce, highlighting the need for further research to fully understand and manage forest ecosystems in mountainous regions.
Chemokines and their receptors play an important role in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic glomerular inflammation. However, their expression pattern and function in glomerular podocytes, the ...primary target cells in a variety of glomerulopathies, have not been investigated as of yet. Using RT-PCR, we now demonstrate the expression of CCR4, CCR8, CCR9, CCR10, CXCR1, CXCR3, CXCR4, and CXCR5 in cultured human podocytes. Stimulation of these receptors induced a concentration-dependent biphasic increase of the free cytosolic calcium concentration in podocytes in culture. In addition, we demonstrate that podocytes release IL-8 in the presence of FCS and that IL-8 down-regulates cell surface CXCR1. Chemokine stimulation of the detected CCRs and CXCRs increased activity of NADPH-oxidase, the primary source of superoxide anions in podocytes. Immunohistochemistry studies revealed only diffuse and weak CXCR expression in healthy human glomerula. In contrast, in membranous nephropathy, a characteristic podocyte disorder, the expression of CXCR1, CXCR3, and CXCR5 is up-regulated in podocytes. In conclusion, podocytes in culture and podocytes in human kidney sections express a set of chemokine receptors. The release of oxygen radicals that accompanies the activation of CCRs and CXCRs may contribute to podocyte injury and the development of proteinuria during membranous nephropathy.
Recently, a high-mobility surface conduction channel and in-gap states were identified in the correlated small-gap semiconductor FeSi using electrical transport measurements and high-resolution ...tunneling spectroscopy. The mobility of the charge carriers in the surface channel is quantitatively reminiscent of topological insulators, but displays a lack of sensitivity to the presence of ferromagnetic impurities as studied by means of a series of single crystals with slightly different starting compositions. Here, we report measurements of the specific heat of these crystals. At low temperatures, a shallow maximum is observed in the specific heat divided by temperature. This maximum is suppressed under magnetic field, characteristic of a Schottky anomaly associated with magnetic impurities. In comparison, the height of this maximum decreases with increasing initial iron content.
•In FREDIS samples can be heated in an IR oven or by laser to desorb retained gases.•It combines TDS and LID using the same QMS for quantification of the desorbed gases.•beryllium compatible device ...due to use of glove boxes and dust particle filters•tritium compatible device due to tritium trapping system and tritium detection•designed to analyse JET samples due to beryllium and tritium compatibility and its dimensions
In fusion devices, the retention of the fusion fuel deuterium (D) and tritium (T) in plasma-facing components (PFCs) is a major concern. Measurement of their hydrogen isotope content gives insight into the retention physics.
In FREDIS, two methods of thermal desorption are used for retention measurements: In Thermal Desorption Spectrometry (TDS) the samples are heated by 6 infrared lamps up to 1433 K with linear temperature ramps of up to 1.67 K/s. The desorbed gases are detected up to 100 amu/e with a double-QMS (Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer) that can distinguish between helium and D2 and uses an innovative differential pumping system.
In a connected vacuum chamber, a ∅3 mm spot can be heated on the sample surface by a high energy Nd:YAG laser pulse (E0 < 100 J) within milliseconds (0.1–20 ms) to several thousand degrees. This method of Laser-Induced Desorption (LID) can also be applied inside the fusion chamber and is planned as in situ retention diagnostic for ITER. In FREDIS, LID is thus tested and used as ex situ analysis method utilising the same double-QMS for absolute quantification. FREDIS is capable of handling beryllium (Be) by means of glove boxes and in the future also tritium using a tritium trap to analyse also samples from JET and ITER. In this contribution we present the specifications of FREDIS and compare TDS and LID.
•Monitoring of the much faster electron beam motion by IR camera through a synchronized frame triggering.•Estimation of the heat flux generated by electron beam guns based on calorimetry and FEM ...simulations.•Consideration of the inclined electron beam loading of rectangular-shaped objects.
Three beryllium-armoured small-scale mock-ups and one semi-prototype for the ITER first wall were tested by the electron beam facility JUDITH 2 at Forschungszentrum Jülich. Both testing campaigns with cyclic loads up to 2.5MW/m2 are carried out in compliance with the extensive quality and management specifications of ITER Organization (IO) and Fusion for Energy (F4E). Several dedicated calibration experiments were performed before the actual testing in order to fulfil the testing requirements and tolerances. These quality requests have been the motivation for several experimental setup improvements. The most relevant results of these activities, being the electron beam monitoring and the heat flux flatness verification, will be presented.
The regional parliament of Tyrol in Austria adopted the climate, energy, and resources strategy “Tyrol 2050 energy autonomous” in 2014 with the aim to become climate neutral and energy autonomous. ...“Use of own resources before others do, or have to do” is the main principle within this long-term strategic approach, in which the “power on demand” process is a main building block and the “power-to-hydrogen” process covers the intrinsic lack of a long-term, large-scale storage of electricity. Within this long-term strategy, the national research and development (R&D) flagship project WIVA P&G HyWest (ongoing since 2018) aims at the establishment of the first sustainable, business-case-driven, regional, green hydrogen economy in central Europe. This project is mainly based on the logistic principle and is a result of synergies between three ongoing complementary implementation projects. Among these three projects, to date, the industrial research within “MPREIS Hydrogen” resulted in the first green hydrogen economy. One hydrogen truck is operational as of January 2023 in the region of Tyrol for food distribution and related monitoring studies have been initiated. To fulfil the logistic principle as the main outcome, another two complementary projects are currently being further implemented.
Zusammenfassung
Die Inbetriebnahme von Prozessleitsystemen ist heutzutage teuer und umständlich, da ein hoher manueller Aufwand nötig ist. Durch den Trend zu Industrie 4.0 und IIoT sind bereits eine ...Vielzahl industrieller Standards verfügbar, auf deren Basis herstellerunabhängige selbstkonfigurierende Geräte („Plug-and-Produce“ (PnP)) realisiert werden können, die den Aufwand der Inbetriebnahme verringern. In diesem Papier stellen wir eine auf solchen Standards basierende Referenzarchitektur für IIoT-Prozessautomatisierungssysteme vor. Die Eckpfeiler der Architektur sind (i) die Verwendung modellbasierter Beschreibungen basierend auf PLCopen für gesteuerte Geräte, (ii) die Spezifikation eines PnP-Dienstes, der das Abstimmen der Konfigurationen von Steuereinheit (engl. Controller) und Feldgeräten entkoppelt und hierzu auf OPC UA Pub/Sub zurückgreift sowie (iii) die Verwendung von Technologien für selbstkonfigurierende Netzwerke. Weiterhin diskutieren wir zukünftige Forschungsherausforderungen, die auf der vorgeschlagenen Architektur aufbauen.
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