Overtourism Dodds, Rachel; Butler, Richard
2019, 2019-05-06, Letnik:
1
eBook
Overtourism has become a major concern for an increasing number of destinations as tourism numbers continue to grow, stimulated by general economic and technological growth and the expansion of the ...global middle class. This, coupled with relentless promotion of tourism by many organisations and destinations, has increased tourism, despite growing opposition to excessive development. This book is the first academic volume to deal with this topic and contains chapters by experienced researchers in the tourism field, taking a multidisciplinary approach to review and explain the subject. The introductory section begins with an overview of the current situation and the forces enabling the appearance of overtourism. This is followed by a number of case studies from a range of destinations around the world, both urban and rural, which share the same problems. The concluding section includes a discussion of potential mitigation methods and approaches and a final assessment of future developments. The focus and relevance of this book are not just for academics, as it offers insights into destinations, enablers and solutions for how to address the issue of overtourism on a wide variety of scales. This book offers globally relevant perspectives on destinations as varied as Venice and Barcelona, that have gained global media attention, as well as less publicised rural areas and developing destinations.
Tourism and War Butler, Richard; Suntikul, Wantanee
2013, 20130507, 2012, 2013-05-07, Letnik:
34
eBook
This is the first volume to fully explore the complex relationship between war and tourism by considering its full range of dynamics; including political, psychological, economic and ideological ...factors at different levels, in different political and geographical locations. Issues of peace and tourism are dealt with insofar as they pertain to the effects of war on tourism that emerge after the cessation of hostilities. The book therefore reveals how not only location, but also political strategies, accidents of history, transportation linkages, and economic expediency all have played their role in the development and continuation of tourism before, during, and after wartime. It further show how the effects of war are seldom if ever simply a negation or reversal of the effects of peace on tourism.
The volume draws on a range of examples, from medieval times to the present, to reveal the multi-faceted development of tourism amidst and because of conflict in a wide variety of locations, including the Pacific, Europe, the Middle East, North America, Africa and South East Asia, showing the diverse ways in which tourism and war interacts. In doing so it explores how some locations have been developed as tourist attractions primarily because of war and conflict, e.g. as resting and training places for troops, and others flourished because of the threat of danger from conflicts to more traditional tourist locations.
This thought provoking volume contributes to the understanding of the interrelationships between war, peace and tourism in many different parts of the world at different scales. It will be valuable reading for all those interested in this topic as well as dark tourism, battlefield tourism and heritage tourism.
Organic reactions in aqueous chemistry are explored, and the importance of water as a medium in such reactions discussed. Catalytic processes and chemical bonding are areas of focus.
Organic reactions that occur at the water interface for water-insoluble compounds, and reactions in water solution for water soluble compounds, has added a powerful dimension to prospects for organic ...synthesis under more beneficial economic and environmental conditions. Many organic molecules are partially soluble in water and reactions that appear as heterogeneous mixtures and suspensions may involve on-water and in-water reaction modes occurring simultaneously. The behavior of water molecules and organic molecules at this interface is discussed in the light of reported theoretical and experimental studies. The on-water catalytic effect, relative to neat reactions or organic solvents, ranges from factors of several hundred times to 1-2 times and it depends on the properties of reactant compounds. In some cases when on-water reactions produce quantitative yields of water-insoluble products they can reach ideal synthetic aspirations.
Organic synthesis on-water has shown surprising successful synthetic methods. This review discusses the array of chemistry, which has been adapted with this methodology.
•Burnout persists as concerning problem for more than half of nurses.•Burnout contributes to nursing workforce turnover, however not internal transfers.•Working day (vs. night) shift and increased ...death exposure increase burnout.•Hospitals must measure burnout and wellbeing to understand and address its impact.
The National Academies of Medicine describes clinician burnout as a serious threat to organizational health, including employee turnover.
To determine the relationship between resilience, burnout, and organizational and position turnover.
We surveyed direct care nurses in three hospitals 1 year apart between 2018 and 2019; 1,688 nurses completed 3,135 surveys included in analysis.
Fifty-four percent of nurses in our sample suffer from moderate burnout, with emotional exhaustion scores increasing by 10% and cynicism scores increasing 19% after 1 year. The impact of burnout on organizational turnover was significant, with a 12% increase in a nurse leaving for each unit increase on the emotional exhaustion scale, though it was not a factor in position turnover.
These findings contribute to the growing body of evidence of nurse burnout and support policies and programs for annual measurement of burnout, increased employee wellbeing support, and improved work environments.
The phenomena of overtourism: a review Dodds, Rachel; Butler, Richard
International journal of tourism cities,
12/2019, Letnik:
5, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the emergence of overtourism, outline the issues and contributing factors, as it relates to cities, and to suggest possible mitigation measures that ...might be taken by policy makers.Design/methodology/approachThis paper draws from a review of literature looking at longitudinal issues of tourism development overtime and what has contributed to the phenomena of overtourism. A discussion of implications is provided from this review.FindingsAs tourism is an industry which has historically been poorly managed, greater political will and actual acknowledgement of the problem, as well as action by all levels of government are the necessary first steps to address overtourism.Practical implicationsThis paper outlines key elements that contribute to overtourism and provides global examples which may help practitioners identify key critical issues in their own destinations and identify appropriate actions.Social implicationsThis paper identifies issues raised by local resident populations and possible responses.Originality/valueThis paper provides a critical overview of overtourism issues, as it relates to cities and discusses potential mitigation and reduction efforts, thereby providing an explanation of why overtourism has become so prevalent.
Sauria is the crown-group of Diapsida and is subdivided into Lepidosauromorpha and Archosauromorpha, comprising a high percentage of the diversity of living and fossil tetrapods. The split between ...lepidosauromorphs and archosauromorphs (the crocodile-lizard, or bird-lizard, divergence) is considered one of the key calibration points for molecular analyses of tetrapod phylogeny. Saurians have a very rich Mesozoic and Cenozoic fossil record, but their late Paleozoic (Permian) record is problematic. Several Permian specimens have been referred to Sauria, but the phylogenetic affinity of some of these records remains questionable. We reexamine and review all of these specimens here, providing new data on early saurian evolution including osteohistology, and present a new morphological phylogenetic dataset. We support previous studies that find that no valid Permian record for Lepidosauromorpha, and we also reject some of the previous referrals of Permian specimens to Archosauromorpha. The most informative Permian archosauromorph is Protorosaurus speneri from the middle Late Permian of Western Europe. A historically problematic specimen from the Late Permian of Tanzania is redescribed and reidentified as a new genus and species of basal archosauromorph: Aenigmastropheus parringtoni. The supposed protorosaur Eorasaurus olsoni from the Late Permian of Russia is recovered among Archosauriformes and may be the oldest known member of the group but the phylogenetic support for this position is low. The assignment of Archosaurus rossicus from the latest Permian of Russia to the archosauromorph clade Proterosuchidae is supported. Our revision suggests a minimum fossil calibration date for the crocodile-lizard split of 254.7 Ma. The occurrences of basal archosauromorphs in the northern (30°N) and southern (55°S) parts of Pangea imply a wider paleobiogeographic distribution for the group during the Late Permian than previously appreciated. Early archosauromorph growth strategies appear to be more diverse than previously suggested based on new data on the osteohistology of Aenigmastropheus.
Indigenous tourism is a term commonly used to describe tourism that involves indigenous peoples or first nations in tourism. In recent years, research attention on this topic has broadened and ...expanded greatly, reflecting both increased involvement of indigenous peoples and their more active participation in controlling and utilising a widening range of tourism and economic development. This more active participation has taken tourism beyond its traditional role as a limited source of employment and economic development to a stage at which tourism is being utilised as an agent to improve the indigenous political position with respect to controlling a wider range of development and strengthening regional and national identities. The paper briefly reviews research on indigenous tourism over the past half-century, noting the increase in volume and the changing nature and role of research on tourism involving indigenous peoples, but also longstanding neglect of some elements of economic development, which are discussed in more detail It also explores current and likely future issues needing research attention in the light of changing motivations for participation in indigenous tourism, and the spread of indigenous tourism beyond traditional areas into activities more associated with metropolitan and mass tourist markets.
One of the key faunal transitions in Earth history occurred after the Permo-Triassic mass extinction (
252.2 Ma), when the previously obscure archosauromorphs (which include crocodylians, dinosaurs ...and birds) become the dominant terrestrial vertebrates. Here, we place all known middle Permian-early Late Triassic archosauromorph species into an explicit phylogenetic context, and quantify biodiversity change through this interval. Our results indicate the following sequence of diversification: a morphologically conservative and globally distributed post-extinction 'disaster fauna'; a major but cryptic and poorly sampled phylogenetic diversification with significantly elevated evolutionary rates; and a marked increase in species counts, abundance, and disparity contemporaneous with global ecosystem stabilization some 5 million years after the extinction. This multiphase event transformed global ecosystems, with far-reaching consequences for Mesozoic and modern faunas.
Radial porosity profiles (RPP) are a new quantitative osteohistological parameter designed to capture the dynamic changes in the primary porosity of limb bones through ontogeny, providing insights ...into skeletal growth and functional development of extant and extinct vertebrates. Previous work hypothesized that RPP channelization—the intraskeletal alignment of RPPs across different bones resulting from similar cortical compaction patterns—indicates increasing locomotor performance of the developing limbs. By investigating RPPs in ontogenetic series of pheasants, pigeons and ducks representing distinct locomotor developmental strategies, we test this hypothesis here and show that RPPs are indeed powerful osteohistological correlates of locomotor ontogeny. Qualitative and quantitative analyses reveal strong association between RPP channelization and fledging, the most drastic locomotor transition in the life history of volant birds. The channelization signal is less clear in precocial leg function; however, when additional intraskeletal and intercohort RPP characteristics are considered, patterns related to leg precocity can also be identified. Thus, we demonstrate that RPPs can be used in future by palaeobiologists to generate breakthroughs in the study of the ontogeny and evolution of flight in fossil birds and pterosaurs. With further baseline data collection from modern terrestrial vertebrates, RPPs could also test hypotheses regarding ontogenetic postural shifts in dinosaurs and other terrestrial archosaurs.
Verifying on modern bird bones with differing developmental strategies, radial porosity profiles (RPP) are demonstrated to yield reliable information on locomotor ontogeny. RPP channelization is identified as the osteohistological correlate of functional maturation of the locomotor system, in particular related to fledging. RPPs can generate breakthroughs in studying ontogeny and evolution of flight in fossil birds and pterosaurs, and could also be used to test hypotheses regarding ontogenetic postural shifts in dinosaurs and other terrestrial archosaurs.
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