For the very first time, morpho-anatomical features of both fruiting bodies as well as below-ground structures have been confronted with a newly produced multigene phylogeny of root symbiotic ...basidiomycetes using one of the most speciose genera of ectomycorrhizal fungi (
Russula
, Russulales) as an example. In this first of two papers, the authors focus more specifically on below-ground structures. Our five-gene phylogeny divides the genus in five main clades, here interpreted as representing seven subgenera, all significantly supported. Although more conserved than features of fruiting bodies, the anatomy of ectomycorrhiza does not allow for an unambiguous characterization of the main clades resolved by phylogenetic analysis, but the anatomy of ectomycorrhiza performs better to naturally classify the species of this genus. Features of fruiting bodies remain much more adequate for the delimitation of terminal clades and are irreplaceable for morphological species identification. Tropical taxa mostly nest in ancient lineages, but are also present in some terminal clades of otherwise temperate species groups. The shift from plectenchymatic to pseudoparenchymatic ECM outer mantle structures happened most likely already in the paleotropics, and is here hypothesized to have facilitated a major diversification of the genus with new hosts in the northern hemisphere. Available data as well as our own observations on below ground structures of several
Lactifluus
species suggests that this genus shares with
Russula
the absence of lactifers in ECM mantles and rhizomorphs, contrary to species of
Lactarius
where lactifers are always present. First observations on rhizomorphs of species in
Multifurca
confirm the presence of vessel-like and ladder-like hyphae, also found in the other agarioid genera of this family, while distinct lactifers are only present in the lactarioid, but not in russuloid members of this genus.
This paper explores the interesting diversity within the group of “smooth chanterelles” and introduces several new taxa from the tropics: C. sublaevis Buyck & Eyssart. and C. cibarioides (Heinem.) ...Buyck comb. nov. from Africa, C. eccentricus Buyck & V. Hofstetter and C. neocaledonicus Buyck, V. Hofstetter, Eyssart. & Ducousso from New Caledonia and C. incrassatus Buyck & V. Hofstetter from Malaysia.
This paper on the most significant edible wild mushrooms of Madagascar is organized in the following four categories: (1) mushrooms of introduced eucalypt plantations, (2) mushrooms of introduced ...pine plantations, (3) mushrooms of native forests and woodlands, and (4) mushrooms found in fields, agricultural waste and other altered, non-forest habitats. Eucalyptus robusta plantations yield by far the bulk of edible mushrooms that are sold, especially species of Russula and Cantharellus. Some Suillus species of northern hemisphere origin have been introduced with pine plantations and are locally important, forming the basis of a small canning industry. In native woodland areas on the central plateau, several ectomycorrhizal mushrooms—very similar to those on the African mainland—are collected and consumed. With the exception of the widely marketed Cantharellus platyphyllus ssp. bojeriensis, these are only of local importance in the villages and smaller markets of the area. Denser forests in the mountains or on the east coast as well as manmade habitats such as fields, pastures, and agricultural wastes are searched for saprobic mushrooms of various types. Some of these saprobic mushrooms show considerable potential for cultivation. The variety of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms found in eucalypt plantations is unprecedented outside of Australia and, for the most part, do not appear to be of Australian origin. Possible reasons for this are briefly discussed. Two economically important species, Russula prolifica sp. nov. and R. edulis sp. nov., are newly described. /// Les champignons comestibles sauvages de Madagascar sont présentés d'après leur appartenance à quatre habitats différents: plantations exotiques d'Eucalyptus, plantations exotiques de pins, savanes et forêts indigènes et, enfin, champs cultivées, prairies et déchets agronomiques. Les plantations d'Eucalyptus (en particulier d'E. robusta) produisent de loin la majorité des champignons comestibles mis en vente, surtout chanterelles et russules. Quelques bolets du genre Suillus, manifestement introduits de l'hémisphère nord, pullulent localement sous des pins importés et font l'objet d'une industrie artisanale de conserves. Sur le Haut Plateau, plusieurs espèces de champignons ectomycorrhiziques, très similaires à celles décrites du continent africain, sont ramassées et consommées dans l'aire des savanes. A l'exception du Cantharellus platyphyllus ssp. bojeriensis — espèce très commune sur les marchés et le long des routes du Haut Plateau, ces différentes espèces ne représentent qu'un intérêt local. Les forêts denses d'altitude ou le long de la côte Est, ainsi que les habitats créés par l'homme (champs, prairies de pâturage, déchets de l'agriculture) sont explorées à la recherche d'un nombre de champignons comestibles saprophytes, dont certains à potentiel très prometteur pour la domestication. La diversité des champignons ectomycorrhiziques associés aux plantations d'eucalyptus dépasse de loin celle observée dans les autres pays ou les eucalyptus ont été introduits par l'homme. L'auteur discute sommairement quelques éléments qui ne semblent pas favoriser l'hypothèse d'une éventuelle origine australienne pour la plupart de ces champignons. Deux russules comestibles représentant un intérêt économique, R. prolifica sp. nov. et R. edulis sp. nov., sont sommairement décrites comme nouvelles.
After a short historical overview of past systematic studies on
Cantharellus
, discussing delimitation and species diversity of the genus as well as previous, morphology-based, infrageneric ...classifications, this paper presents the first molecularly-based infrageneric classification of this genus using a multigene phylogenetic approach (nucLSU, mitSSU, RPB2 and
tef-1
) on a dataset that covers approximately halve of the described chanterelles worldwide, including many type specimens. Six subgenera are recognized and the recognition of subgenus
Afrocantharellus
as a separate genus is not accepted. The taxonomic value of individual morphological features is discussed as challenged by this new multigene phylogeny which comprises five new sections, one new subgenus and many emendations for previously recognized infrageneric groups. The paper discusses the observed discrepancy in biodiversity of
Cantharellus
when comparing between studies that focus either on below- or above-ground presence. A preliminary biogeographic hypothesis suggests an ‘out of Africa’ Gondwanan origin as a result of vicariance and subsequent migrations.
Species diversity of Basidiomycota He, Mao-Qiang; Zhao, Rui-Lin; Liu, Dong-Mei ...
Fungal diversity,
05/2022, Letnik:
114, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Fungi are eukaryotes that play essential roles in ecosystems. Among fungi, Basidiomycota is one of the major phyla with more than 40,000 described species. We review species diversity of ...Basidiomycota from five groups with different lifestyles or habitats: saprobic in grass/forest litter, wood-decaying, yeast-like, ectomycorrhizal, and plant parasitic. Case studies of
Agaricus
,
Cantharellus
,
Ganoderma
,
Gyroporus
,
Russula
,
Tricholoma
, and groups of lichenicolous yeast-like fungi, rust fungi, and smut fungi are used to determine trends in discovery of biodiversity. In each case study, the number of new species published during 2009–2020 is analysed to determine the rate of discovery. Publication rates differ between taxa and reflect different states of progress for species discovery in different genera. The results showed that lichenicolous yeast-like taxa had the highest publication rate for new species in the past two decades, and it is likely this trend will continue in the next decade. The species discovery rate of plant parasitic basidiomycetes was low in the past ten years, and remained constant in the past 50 years. We also found that the establishment of comprehensive and robust taxonomic systems based on a joint global initiative by mycologists could promote and standardize the recognition of taxa. We estimated that more than 54,000 species of Basidiomycota will be discovered by 2030, and estimate a total of 1.4–4.2 million species of Basidiomycota globally. These numbers illustrate a huge gap between the described and yet unknown diversity in Basidiomycota.
Multifurca is a small genus newly established to accommodate lactarioid and russuloid species with some characters reminiscent of corticoid members of Russulaceae. It shows an amphi-pacific ...distribution with strong preference for the tropical zone of the Northern Hemisphere and thus has particular significance for biogeographical study. Using worldwide samples and three loci (ITS, 28S rDNA and rpb2), we demonstrated that Multifurca is split into two highly supported major clades that are here recognized at the subgeneric level: subg. Furcata subg. nov. exclusively includes lactarioid species, while subg. Multifurca includes species with a russuloid habit. Using phylogenetic species recognition and comparison of genetic distances we recognize five new and six previously described species, almost double the known number of species before this study. Molecular dating using a Bayesian method suggested that Multifurca originated in early Paleocene and diversified in the Eocene. The most recent interspecific divergences occurred both in Asia and America, roughly at the same time around the Pliocene. Ancestral area reconstruction and comparisons of genetic distances and morphology suggested an early divergence within Australasia or tropical Asia. From the early Miocene to Pliocene, multiple dispersals/migrations to Australasia and North America by island hopping or land bridge likely happened. Vicariance at the late Tertiary might be the most likely mechanism accounting for the eastern Asia-southeastern North America and Australasia-tropical Asia disjunct distributions. The shared polymorphisms in the ITS alignment, numerous degenerated base pairs in the rpb2 sequences and weak conflict between the ITS and LSU genealogies of M. subg. Furcata suggest recent speciation. Host specificity of Multifurca species or species pairs is relatively low. Host shifts are believed to have aided establishment in new territories during the dispersals and migrations.
Two species, namely Russula adwanitekae A.Ghosh, K.Das & Buyck sp. nov. and Russula purpureozonata K.Das, A.Ghosh & Buyck sp. nov. are proposed herein as new mushroom taxa from the Indian Himalaya ...based on their morphological features and ITS-based phylogenetic inferences. Both species belong to the crown clade of Russula subgenus Russula but with affinities to different subsections, viz. subsect. Laricinae Romagn. and subsect. Decolorantes Maire, respectively. Russula adwanitekae sp. nov. was collected in mixed temperate forests where it is most likely associated with conifers. It is distinct from several similarly looking, small, mild species with dark spore print and reddish lilac, orchid purple or greyish to deep magenta colored pileus in subsect. Laricinae by its sequence data (nrITS) or geographic distribution. Russula purpureozonata sp. nov. associates with Abies densa Griff., and possesses all typical features of Decolorantes, viz. the amyloid suprahilar spot on the spores, presence of pileogloeocystidia, the reddening then blackening context, equal lamellae and colored spore print. It reminds of North American R. californiensis Burl. and R. magna Beardslee under the microscope but has distinctly smaller spores and differs further in the unique coloration and concentrically zonated pileus margin. Macro- and micromorphological features are illustrated for both species. Their habitats, distributions and relationships with allied species are discussed.
The identity of blackening Russula (R. subg. Compactae) from Indian Himalaya has since long remained a mystery and they are often called after their European look‐alikes. Here, a combined approach ...including morphology and ITS phylogenetic inference resolved the identification of some of these taxa and revealed the discovery of two novel species. Thus, Russula ashihoi sp. nov., found under Abies in subalpine Himalaya, and R. indonigra sp. nov. occurring under Quercus in subtropical to temperate Himalaya are proposed herein with their morphological details, illustrations and ITS‐based phylogeny. Similarities with allied taxa are also discussed.
Resolving species delimitation issues of European
Cantharellus
is crucial to correctly name chanterelles around the globe. Thirty names referring to
Cantharellus
s. str. have been described in ...Europe, some of which are used in other continents. Based on combined analyses of ITS2, LSU,
RPB
2 and
TEF
-1, merely eight species are here recognized in Europe applying the genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition criteria, one of which,
C. roseofagetorum
, is described as new. Morphological characters used in species delimitation are mapped and their variability evaluated. The colour of the hymenophore in young specimens is found to be a rather constant morphological character of taxonomic use. European species of
Cantharellus
are morphologically distinguished by unique combinations of characters, such as the presence of a pink pileal coating, pileus and hymenophore colour when young, and in some cases, the mean spore length and ecology. Eighteen type specimens from Europe are sequenced. Based on revised species concepts sixteen novel taxonomic synonyms are here proposed for European chanterelles:
C. alborufescens
(=
C. henrici
,
C. ilicis
,
C. lilacinopruinatus
),
C. amethysteus
(=
C. cibarius
subsp.
squamulosus
,
C. cibarius
var.
umbrinus, C. rufipes
),
C. cibarius
(=
C. cibarius
var.
atlanticus
,
C. parviluteus
),
C. ferruginascens
(=
C. cibarius
var.
flavipes
),
C. friesii
(=
C. ignescens
),
C. pallens
(=
C. cibarius
var.
albidus
,
C. cibarius
var.
bicolor
,
C. subpruinosus
), and
C. romagnesianus
(=
C. pseudominimus
,
C. lourizanianus
,
C. romagnesianus
var.
parvisporus
). The type of
Cantharellus
,
C. cibarius,
is epitypified. Descriptions, colour illustrations and a key to all European species are provided.
Two novel species of Russula (Russulaceae, Russulales), namely Russula indosenecis A.Ghosh, D.Chakr., K.Das & Buyck sp. nov. and R. pseudosenecis A.Ghosh, D.Chakr., K.Das & Buyck sp. nov. belonging ...to sect. Ingratae subg. Heterophyllidiae are proposed herein based on their morphological features and nrITS-based phylogenetic inferences. Both species belong to the Asian ʻR. punctipes-senecisʼ complex of sect. Ingratae. The acrid R. indosenecis was collected from subalpine forests associated with Abies densa, whereas the mild R. pseudosenecis associates with tropical forests dominated by Shorea robusta. Both species are distinct from the other species of this species complex in nrITS sequence data and from all other known species in subg. Heterophyllidiae in the strong amyloidity of their suprahilar spot.
PDF
