Many factors such as poverty, ineffective institutions and environmental regulations may prevent developing countries from managing how natural resources are extracted to meet a strong market demand. ...Extraction for some resources has reached such proportions that evidence is measurable from space. We present recent evidence of the global demand for a single commodity and the ecosystem destruction resulting from commodity extraction, recorded by satellites for one of the most biodiverse areas of the world. We find that since 2003, recent mining deforestation in Madre de Dios, Peru is increasing nonlinearly alongside a constant annual rate of increase in international gold price (∼18%/yr). We detect that the new pattern of mining deforestation (1915 ha/year, 2006-2009) is outpacing that of nearby settlement deforestation. We show that gold price is linked with exponential increases in Peruvian national mercury imports over time (R(2) = 0.93, p = 0.04, 2003-2009). Given the past rates of increase we predict that mercury imports may more than double for 2011 (∼500 t/year). Virtually all of Peru's mercury imports are used in artisanal gold mining. Much of the mining increase is unregulated/artisanal in nature, lacking environmental impact analysis or miner education. As a result, large quantities of mercury are being released into the atmosphere, sediments and waterways. Other developing countries endowed with gold deposits are likely experiencing similar environmental destruction in response to recent record high gold prices. The increasing availability of satellite imagery ought to evoke further studies linking economic variables with land use and cover changes on the ground.
Over the past decade, the integration of synthetic chemistry with flow processing has resulted in a powerful platform for molecular assembly that is making an impact throughout the chemical ...community. Herein, we demonstrate the extension of these tools to encompass complex natural product synthesis. We have developed a number of novel flow‐through processes for reactions commonly encountered in natural product synthesis programs to achieve the first total synthesis of spirodienal A and the preparation of spirangien A methyl ester. Highlights of the synthetic route include an iridium‐catalyzed hydrogenation, iterative Roush crotylations, gold‐catalyzed spiroketalization and a late‐stage cis‐selective reduction.
Rise of the machines: The syntheses of two spirocyclic polyketides, spirangien A methyl ester and spirodienal A, are described. This machine‐assisted approach extends the application of flow chemistry to complex natural product synthesis and includes several flow‐through processes of transformations commonly encountered in total synthesis.
Aim
The purpose of this scoping review was to map clinical‐related critical incidents and their implications on undergraduate nursing students.
Background
The unpredictability inherent in the ...clinical learning environment places nursing students at risk of a critical incident that may lead to long‐term consequences.
Design
A scoping review was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute framework.
Method
A search for primary research sources and dissertations was conducted using the CINAHL, PubMed, Dissertation and Thesis Global, and MEDLINE databases. Eligibility criteria included primary research related to undergraduate nursing students who had experienced critical incidents in the clinical setting.
Results
From a total of 66 identified articles, only one met the inclusion criteria. Overall, it was identified that the term “stress” was inconsistently defined. Researchers have primarily focused on general stress from academic and experiential learning rather than sudden and unexpected critical incidents underpinned by clinical experiences.
Conclusion
The scoping review results identify a significant gap in the research relative to clinical‐related critical incidents and the associated implications experienced by undergraduate nursing students.
Relevance to Clinical Practice
Further research is needed so that crisis interventions can be prioritized and strategies to enhance resilience can be addressed before graduation.
Surface coal mining is the dominant form of land cover change in Central Appalachia, yet the extent to which surface coal mine runoff is polluting regional rivers is currently unknown. We mapped ...surface mining from 1976 to 2005 for a 19,581 km2 area of southern West Virginia and linked these maps with water quality and biological data for 223 streams. The extent of surface mining within catchments is highly correlated with the ionic strength and sulfate concentrations of receiving streams. Generalized additive models were used to estimate the amount of watershed mining, stream ionic strength, or sulfate concentrations beyond which biological impairment (based on state biocriteria) is likely. We find this threshold is reached once surface coal mines occupy >5.4% of their contributing watershed area, ionic strength exceeds 308 μS cm–1, or sulfate concentrations exceed 50 mg L–1. Significant losses of many intolerant macroinvertebrate taxa occur when as little as 2.2% of contributing catchments are mined. As of 2005, 5% of the land area of southern WV was converted to surface mines, 6% of regional streams were buried in valley fills, and 22% of the regional stream network length drained watersheds with >5.4% of their surface area converted to mines.
A newly developed ReactIR flow cell is reported as a convenient and versatile inline analytical tool for continuous flow chemical processing. The flow cell, operated with ATR technology, is attached ...directly into a reaction flow stream using standard OmniFit (HPLC) connections and can be used in combination with both meso- and microscale flow chemistry equipment. The iC IR analysis software (version 4.0) enables the monitoring of reagent consumption and product formation, aiding the rapid optimisation of procedures. Short-lived reactive intermediates can also be observed in situ, giving further mechanistic insight into complex transformations.
The acoustic performance of a CLT-based building mockup was investigated within the scope of the ADIVBois acoustic technical commission with the objective of defining wood building constructions ...fulfilling requirements. The CLT-based building is a three-floor construction with four rooms on each level. Measurements from junction characterization to airborne and impact sound insulations were taken. The implemented floor systems were first tested in a laboratory to evaluate their acoustic performance. Predictions based on the EN ISO 12354-1 and -2 standards were compared to building acoustic measurements. The effect of using the tapping machine and the rubber ball as impact sources was investigated both in laboratory and in the CLT-based building mockup. The effect of the apparent post between rooms is also presented with an associated simple approach to take it into account in predictions. This paper summarizes the obtained results.
Wooden building systems, including cross-laminated timber elements, are becoming more common. The last few years have seen new developments and documentation of innovative types of cross-laminated ...timber floor assemblies. Regarding impact sound associated to walking persons, running or jumping children, such floor assemblies can be regarded as a weak part. So far, there are no reliable standardized calculation models available, for prediction of impact sound in the entire frequency range. Therefore the design is always based upon previous experiences and available measurements. This article presents the results of a number of well controlled sound insulation measurements of cross-laminated timber/massive wood floor constructions conducted in laboratories. The collection of data and results analysis highlight some basic phenomena. For instance, how structural differences related to the grouping of the constructions change the frequency distribution of the impact sound level and the single number quantities. Another significant result is the influence of the dynamic stiffness of the resilient interlayer of floating floor systems and the mass per unit area of the floors. Based on this analysis, the aim is to identify similarities and carry out simplifications. The data will be further processed and used in the development of prediction models and optimization process of cross-laminated timber floor assemblies.
Manual therapy is an intervention commonly advocated in the management of dizziness of a suspected cervical origin. Vestibular rehabilitation exercises have been shown to be effective in the ...treatment of unilateral peripheral vestibular disorders, and have also been suggested in the literature as an adjunct in the treatment of cervicogenic dizziness. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the evidence for manual therapy, in conjunction with or without vestibular rehabilitation, in the management of cervicogenic dizziness.
A comprehensive search was conducted in the databases Scopus, Mantis, CINHAL and the Cochrane Library for terms related to manual therapy, vestibular rehabilitation and cervicogenic dizziness. Included studies were assessed using the Maastricht-Amsterdam criteria.
A total of fifteen articles reporting findings from thirteen unique investigations, including five randomised controlled trials and eight prospective, non-controlled cohort studies were included in this review. The methodological quality of the included studies was generally poor to moderate. All but one study reported improvement in dizziness following either unimodal or multimodal manual therapy interventions. Some studies reported improvements in postural stability, joint positioning, range of motion, muscle tenderness, neck pain and vertebrobasilar artery blood flow velocity.
Although it has been argued that manual therapy combined with vestibular rehabilitation may be superior in the treatment of cervicogenic dizziness, there are currently no observational and experimental studies demonstrating such effects. A rationale for combining manual therapy and vestibular rehabilitation in the management of cervicogenic dizziness is presented.
There is moderate evidence to support the use of manual therapy, in particular spinal mobilisation and manipulation, for cervicogenic dizziness. The evidence for combining manual therapy and vestibular rehabilitation in the management of cervicogenic dizziness is lacking. Further research to elucidate potential synergistic effects of manual therapy and vestibular rehabilitation is strongly recommended.
Students in postsecondary education are at high risk for experiencing relationship violence, including dating, domestic, and sexual violence. This can result in significant mental and physical health ...consequences. A relationship violence prevention program has been offered and evaluated for over 10 years at a Canadian university. It is based on a social–ecological model of violence prevention and best practices. Students who completed both pre- and post-program evaluations were used as their own controls to evaluate the effects of the program. Significant changes were noted for most aspects of the program in knowledge, attitudes, and behavioural intents each year, and these changes persisted for up to six months on most measures. The sample sizes were small and potentially overestimated the effect of the program if results were reported individually. Meta-analysis was used to pool the data and examine the effects of the program across the decade. The results indicated that the program was effective in changing knowledge, attitudes, and behavioural intents immediately following the program, but there were insufficient paired data to conduct six-month meta-analyses. Suggestions are made for future programs and further research.
Diastereoselective chain‐elongation reactions are important transformations for the assembly of complex molecular structures, such as those present in polyketide natural products. Here we report new ...methods for performing crotylation reactions and homopropargylation reactions by using newly developed low‐temperature flow‐chemistry technology. In‐line purification protocols are described, as well as the application of the crotylation protocol in an automated multi‐step sequence.
Polyketides in flow: By using new low‐temperature reactors, the scope of reactions conveniently performed in a flow process has been extended to encompass diastereoselective chain elongations. Various aldehydes undergo Roush crotylations and Marshall homopropargylation reactions smoothly in flow (see scheme), with incorporated in‐line work‐ups that drastically reduce the amount of time required for these transformations.
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