Biocontrol is one of the most promising alternatives to synthetic fungicides for food preservation.
,
and
section
are the most concerning pathogens for grape development. However, frequently, other ...species, such as
in this study, are predominant in spoiled bunches. In this work, 54 native yeasts from vineyards were screened by direct confrontation in potato dextrose agar plates as antagonists against
. Isolates of
,
, and
were selected for their antagonist activity in vitro, plus isolates of
,
and
were used as negative controls. However, in vivo, confrontations in wounded grapes showed disagreement with direct confrontation in vitro.
,
,
,
and
significantly reduced the incidence of
on grapes. Nevertheless,
,
and
themselves spoiled the wounded grapes. Inhibitions were associated with different mechanisms such as the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), lytic enzymes, biofilm formation, and competition for nutrients. The isolates of
L18 (a producer of antifungal VOCs which completely inhibited the incidence of
) and
L29 (with pectinase, chitinase and β-glucanase activity and biofilm formation which reduced 70% of the incidence of
) are proposed as suitable biocontrol agents against
.
A detailed understanding of the microbial ecology of artisanal cheeses is a crucial factor for implementation practices that can help to update their quality. In this study, the bacterial communities ...of Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) ‘Queso de la Serena’ and ‘Torta del Casar’ cheeses were characterised by 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding sequencing over 60 days of ripening at three dairies for each cheese variety. Both PDO cheeses presented a distinctive and unique bacterial community, suggesting that the manufacturing practices of each PDO shaped the microbiota. Lactococcus lactis and, to a lesser extent, Leuconostoc mesenteroides were the key lactic acid bacteria (LAB) species that drove the ripening process of PDO ‘Torta del Casar’, whereas in PDO ‘Queso de la Serena’, Leu. mesenteroides was the main LAB species, followed by Lactococcus raffinolactis and Lc. lactis, depending on the dairy. Furthermore, a wide range of non-starter LAB, Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive catalase-positive cocci were found, with a variable presence and abundance between dairies. In this regard, the dairy was a strong contributing factor to the variability in the composition of the bacterial community in each cheese type. In contrast, the impact of the ripening process was limited. Overall, this study enhances the understanding of the bacterial dynamics that occur during the ripening of these traditional PDO cheeses, highlighting the need to improve the standardisation of the raw materials and manufacturing practices to minimise inter-dairy variability, ensuring final quality and their unique sensory traits.
•Bacterial diversity of Queso de la Serena and Torta del Casar PDO cheeses was studied.•A 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding sequencing approach was applied.•Lactococcus lactis and Leuconostoc mesenteroides were the predominant species.•Each PDO cheese can be defined by a unique and distinctive bacterial profile.•Bacterial community composition is affected by dairy manufacturing practices.
An objective diagnosis of sedentary behaviour as well as of the physical activity and fitness levels in youth and to better understand how lifestyle is associated with cardiovascular disease risk ...factors and other phenotypes is of clinical and public health interest, and might be informative for developing intervention studies focused on the promotion of physical activity in these population. The aim of this methodological paper is to describe the design and assessment in the UP&DOWN study.
The UP&DOWN study is a multi-center follow-up design where 2225 Spanish primary and secondary schoolchildren from Cadiz and Madrid, respectively, as well as 110 Spanish adolescents with Down syndrome from Madrid and Toledo were recruited to be assessed. Nine main measurement categories are assessed: i) socio-demographic and early determinants; ii) environmental determinants; iii) physical activity and sedentary behaviour; iv) health-related fitness; v) blood pressure and resting heart rate; vi) mental health; vii) dietary patterns; viii) blood samples; and ix) genetic analysis. During the 3-yr follow-up study, socio-demographic and early determinants, and genetic analysis are only assessed in the first year. Blood sampling is assessed in the first year and the third year (2nd follow-up), and all the other measurements are assessed every year.
The findings of the UP&DOWN study may help the Health Information Systems and policy makers to identify the target population for primary prevention and health promotion policies, and to develop and test preventive strategies. Moreover, these data will allow following the trends at population level, as well as to modify/adapt/create new evidence-based physical activity guidelines at national level. The findings will also serve as a scientific platform for interventional studies.
Aims: The purposes of this research were to study the convergent validity of the Mode and Frequency of Commuting To and From School Questionnaire using objectively assessed steps and time spent in ...different physical activity intensities and to compare the self-reported versus objective journey time in Spanish youths. Methods: Three hundred and eighty-nine Spanish youth aged 7–19 years were asked to complete the questionnaire and wore an accelerometer for five days. The objective commuting distance and time from home to school were estimated using Google MapsTM. Results: There were significant differences between passive and walking participants on step numbers, sedentary time and physical activity levels (except for vigorous physical activity in children). For children, a mean difference of −4.03 minutes between objective measured and self-reported journey time was found (95% limits of agreement were 13.55 and −21.60 minutes). For adolescents, the mean difference was −1.39 minutes (95% limits of agreement were 15.23 and −18.02 minutes). Conclusions: The findings indicated that the Mode of Commuting To and From School Questionnaire showed a convergent validity to assess this behaviour in Spanish youths. Self-reported journey time for walking is comparable to Google MapsTM in adolescents but not in children.
Abstract Objective To examine the associations of (i) objectively measured and self-reported sedentary behavior during leisure time with academic performance and (ii) patterns of sedentary behavior ...with academic performance. Methods This study was conducted with 1146 youth aged 12.5 ± 2.5 years in Spain during 2011–2012. Leisure-time sedentary behavior during out-of-school hours was assessed by accelerometry and self-report. Academic performance was assessed through school grades. Results Objectively measured sedentary leisure-time was not significantly associated with academic performance. Time spent in Internet surfing, listening to music, and sitting without doing anything were negatively associated with all academic performance indicators ( β ranging from − 0.066 to − 0.144; all p < 0.05). However, time spent in doing homework/study without computer and reading for fun were positively associated ( β ranging from 0.058 to 0.154; all p < 0.05). Five major sedentary patterns were identified. The “high social-low TV/video” and the “low studying-high TV/video” patterns were negatively associated with all academic indicators ( β ranging from − 0.085 to − 0.148; all p < 0.05). The “educational” pattern was positively associated with all academic indicators ( β ranging from 0.063 to 0.105; all p < 0.05). Conclusions Specific domains of self-reported sedentary behavior during leisure-time, but not objectively measured sedentary leisure time, may influence academic performance.
To examine the association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) at baseline and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in 6- to 10-year-olds (cross-sectional) and 2 years later (8- to 12-year-olds ...longitudinal) and whether changes with age in CRF are associated with CVD risk in children aged 8 to 12 years.
Spanish primary schoolchildren (n=236) aged 6 to 10 years participated at baseline. Of the 23 participating primary schools, 22% (n=5) were private schools and 78% (n=18) were public schools. The dropout rate at 2-year follow-up was 9.7% (n=23). The 20-m shuttle run test was used to estimate CRF. The CVD risk score was computed as the mean of 5 CVD risk factor standardized scores: sum of 2 skinfolds, systolic blood pressure, insulin/glucose, triglycerides, and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
At baseline, CRF was inversely associated with single CVD risk factors (all P<.05) and CVD risk score at baseline and follow-up (P<.001). Cardiorespiratory fitness cutoff points of 39.0 mL/kg per minute or greater in boys and 37.5 mL/kg per minute or greater in girls are discriminative to identify CVD risk in childhood (area under the curve, >0.85; P<.001) and to predict CVD risk 2 years later (P=.004). Persistent low CRF or the decline of CRF from 6-10 to 8-12 years of age is associated with increased CVD risk at age 8 to 12 years (P<.001).
During childhood, CRF is a strong predictor of CVD risk and should be monitored to identify children with potential CVD risk.
The aims of the present study were to assess the association of environmental perception with objective and self-reported physical activity (PA) and the relation between environmental perception and ...meeting PA recommendations on children and adolescents. A sample of 1520 youth (770 boys) aged 8-18 years (12.1 ± 2.5 years) from the UP&DOWN study were included in the data analyses. Environmental perception was assessed with the short adapted version of the ALPHA environmental questionnaire. PA was objectively (accelerometers) and self-reported measured (PA Questionnaire for Children, Patient-centered Assessment and Counseling for Exercise Questionnaire and Finnish PA Index). Linear regression models were used to assess the association of environmental perception with PA. Bivariate logistic regression models were used to assess differences between environmental perception and meeting PA recommendations. Environmental perception was positively associated with both objective and self-reported PA. Some differences were found in the association of environmental perception and PA between sex- and age-specific groups. Youth who perceived a more favourable environment were more likely to meet PA recommendations (at least 60 min · day
−1
of moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA)). Results suggest that environmental perceptions of children and adolescents may play an important role in achieving higher levels of PA.
•We described sedentariness and physical activity in adolescents with Down syndrome.•There were no differences in time spent in both behaviours throughout the week.•Males are more active than females ...during weekend days.•Sedentary time increases and PA decreases with advancing age.•It is important to decrease sedentariness and increase PA in this population.
This study aimed to examine the patterns of sedentary time and physical activity (PA) throughout the week in adolescents with Down syndrome (DS). The study comprised 109 adolescents with DS (68 males and 41 females) aged 11–20 years, participating in the UP&DOWN study, but only a total of 100 adolescents provided valid data. Sedentary time and total, light, moderate, vigorous, and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) were measured by accelerometers. There were no significant differences in the time spent in sedentary time and PA levels between weekdays vs. weekend days, as well as between school time vs. after school-time periods (all p>0.05). Adolescent males engaged in more total PA, moderate PA, vigorous PA and MVPA than females on weekend days (all p<0.05). Differences between age groups showed that sedentary time increases and PA decreases with advancing age in all analyses, so that the oldest groups were more sedentary and less active (all p<0.05). Only 43% of adolescents with DS met the PA recommendations of ≥60min/day of MVPA. Our findings show valuable information to be considered in future interventions aiming to decrease sedentary time and increase PA levels in adolescents with DS.
Highlights • We examined the association of inflammatory biomarkers with academic performance in youth. • Inflammation was negatively associated with all academic indicators. • Inflammation may ...impair academic performance independently of body fat in youth • Lifestyle interventions for cognitive benefits should focus beyond the reduction in fatness.
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