Efficient bioconversion of methanol, which can be generated from greenhouse gases, into valuable resources contributes to achieving climate goals and developing a sustainable economy. The ...methylotrophic yeast Ogataea methanolica is considered to be a suitable host for efficient methanol bioconversion because it has outstanding characteristics for the better adaptive potential to a high methanol environment (i.e., greater than 5%). This capacity represents a huge potential to construct an innovative carbon‐neutral production system that converts methanol into value‐added chemicals under the control of strong methanol‐induced promoters. In this review, we discuss what is known about the regulation of methanol metabolism and adaptation mechanisms for 5% methanol conditions in O. methanolica in detail. We also discuss about the potential to breed “super methylotrophic yeast,” which has potent growth characteristics under high methanol conditions.
Take‐away
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Ogataea methanolica has a high capacity to adapt to high methanol conditions (≥5%).
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Alcohol oxidase isozymes regulate intracellular formaldehyde levels to adapt to high methanol levels.
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Ogataea methanolica coordinates methanol metabolism in response to external methanol.
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Strictly regulating methanol metabolism maintains energy homeostasis.
The review article outlines the mechanisms of adaptation to high methanol conditions in the methylotrophic yeast Ogataea methanolica that the methanol utilizing pathway is downregulated due to the formaldehyde toxicity, while ROS scavenging system and TCA cycle are upregulated to maintain redox and energy homeostasis, respectively. Appropriate regulation of intracellular formaldehyde is one of the key points to address high methanol utilization. O. methanolica can be a model candidate for breeding a high‐methanol‐tolerant yeast, which will greatly contribute to developing the “methanol bioeconomy.”
Highly selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde to cinnamyl alcohol with 2-propanol was achieved using SiC-supported Au nanoparticles as photocatalyst. The hydrogenation reached a turnover frequency ...as high as 487 h–1 with 100% selectivity for the production of alcohol under visible light irradiation at 20 °C. This high performance is attributed to a synergistic effect of localized surface plasmon resonance of Au NPs and charge transfer across the SiC/Au interface. The charged metal surface facilitates the oxidation of 2-propanol to form acetone, while the electron and steric effects at the interface favor the preferred end-adsorption of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes for their selective conversion to unsaturated alcohols. We show that this Au/SiC photocatalyst is capable of hydrogenating a large variety of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes to their corresponding unsaturated alcohols with high conversion and selectivity.
Classically activated M1 macrophages and alternatively activated M2 macrophages are two polarized subsets of macrophages at the extreme ends of a constructed continuum. In the field of cancer ...research, M2 macrophage reprogramming is defined as the repolarization of pro-tumoral M2 to anti-tumoral M1 macrophages. It is known that colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1)/CSF1 receptor (CSF1R) and CSF2/CSF2R signaling play important roles in macrophage polarization. Targeting CSF1/CSF1R for M2 macrophage reprogramming has been widely performed in clinical trials for cancer therapy. Other targets for M2 macrophage reprogramming include Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), TLR8, TLR9, CD40, histone deacetylase (HDAC), and PI3Kγ. Although macrophages are involved in innate and adaptive immune responses, M1 macrophages are less effective at phagocytosis and antigen presenting, which are required properties for the activation of T cells and eradication of cancer cells. Similar to T and dendritic cells, the “functionally exhausted” status might be attributed to the high expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) or programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). PD-L1 is expressed on both M1 and M2 macrophages. Macrophage reprogramming from M2 to M1 might increase the expression of PD-L1, which can be transcriptionally activated by STAT3. Macrophage reprogramming or PD-L1/PD-1 blockade alone is less effective in the treatment of most cancers. Since PD-L1/PD-1 blockade could make up for the defect in macrophage reprogramming, the combination of macrophage reprogramming and PD-L1/PD-1 blockade might be a novel treatment strategy for cancer therapy.
With the development of artificial intelligence, the separation of memory and processor in the traditional von-Neumann architecture has led to the bottleneck of data transmission hindering the ...development of energy efficient computing. The computing-in-memory (CIM) paradigm is expected to solve the problems of memory wall and power wall. In this work, we propose a time-domain (TD) computing scheme based on the spin transfer torque magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM). Basic Boolean logic operations, such as AND/OR/Full-adder (FA), are implemented through converting the bit-line voltage to time delay and time-to-digital converter (TDC). The proposal is simulated using the 28 nm CMOS process and 40 nm MTJ compact model. Monte-Carlo simulations show that 94.2% to 100% computation accuracy can be obtained and the delay of AND/OR and FA is 2.5 ns and 3.5 ns. The energy consumption of AND/OR and FA achieve 59.43 fJ and 97.56 fJ, respectively.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as a kind of pluripotent stem cells, have attracted much attention in orthopedic diseases, geriatric diseases, metabolic diseases, and sports functions due to their ...osteogenic potential, chondrogenic differentiation ability, and adipocyte differentiation. Anti-inflammation, anti-fibrosis, angiogenesis promotion, neurogenesis, immune regulation, and secreted growth factors, proteases, hormones, cytokines, and chemokines of MSCs have been widely studied in liver and kidney diseases, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. In recent years, many studies have shown that the extracellular vesicles of MSCs have similar functions to MSCs transplantation in all the above aspects. Here we review the research progress of MSCs and their exocrine vesicles in recent years.
We present new calibrations of far-ultraviolet (FUV) attenuation as derived from the total infrared to FUV luminosity ratio (IRX) and the FUV-near-UV(NUV) color. We find that the IRX-corrected FUV ...luminosities are tightly and linearly correlated with the attenuation-corrected H Delta *a luminosities (as measured from the Balmer decrement), with an rms scatter of ?0.09 dex. The ratios of these attenuation-corrected FUV to H Delta *a luminosities are consistent with evolutionary synthesis model predictions, assuming a constant star formation rate over 100 Myr, solar metallicity, and either a Salpeter or a Kroupa initial mass function with lower and upper mass limits of 0.1 and 100 M . The IRX-corrected FUV to Balmer-corrected H Delta *a luminosity ratios do not show any trend with other galactic properties over the ranges covered by our sample objects. In contrast, FUV attenuation derived from the FUV-NUV color (UV spectral slope) show much larger random and systematic uncertainties. When compared to either Balmer-corrected H Delta *a luminosities or IRX-corrected FUV luminosities the color-corrected FUV luminosities show ~2.5 times larger rms scatter, and systematic nonlinear deviations as functions of luminosity and other parameters. Linear combinations of 25 Delta *mm and 1.4 GHz radio continuum luminosities with the observed FUV luminosities are also well correlated with the Balmer-corrected H Delta *a luminosities. These results provide useful prescriptions for deriving attenuation-corrected star formation rates of galaxies based on linear combinations of UV and IR or radio luminosities, which are presented in convenient tabular form. Comparisons of our calibrations with attenuation corrections in the literature and with dust attenuation laws are also made.
Thermal evaporation can significantly facilitate scalable, uniform, and conformal perovskite film, particularly well‐suited for the preparation of perovskite/silicon (Si) tandem solar cells . ...However, the perovskite material easily induces a phase transition from a photoactive phase to a photoinactive phase, limiting the development of the stability and efficiency of tandem cells. Introducing lead chloride (PbCl2) into wide‐bandgap perovskite materials is beneficial for the fabrication of efficient and stable light‐absorbing materials, but the microscopic mechanism of the effect of PbCl2 on perovskite is still unclear. The study here reports evidences that the addition of PbCl2 to improve perovskite film stability and optoelectronic performance is due to the minor octahedral tilting of the perovskite structure are reported. It also demonstrates that this strategy accelerates interfacial charge transfer and carrier diffusion in the perovskite bulk and heterojunction interfaces. Therefore, the wide‐bandgap perovskite solar cells (PSCs) prepared by adding PbCl2 exhibit a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.80%. The PSCs retain 97% of their performance following 200 h of operation at the maximum power point under full 1‐sun illumination. Finally, monolithic perovskite/Si tandem cells with record PCEs of 27.43% and an open‐circuit voltage of 1.817 V are fabricated.
Lead chloride (PbCl2) is introduced into the co‐evaporated (Cs, FA)Pb(I, Br)3, which has significantly enhanced the structural stability of perovskite and accelerated interfacial charge transfer and carrier diffusion by inducing minor octahedral tilting and improving the crystallinity. Consequently, fully evaporated perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells have achieved a power conversion efficiency of 27.43% with an open‐circuit voltage of 1.810 V.
As natural gas demand surges in China, driven by the coal-to-gas switching policy, widespread attention is focused on its impacts on global gas supply-demand rebalance and greenhouse gas (GHG) ...emissions. Here, for the first time, we estimate well-to-city-gate GHG emissions of gas supplies for China, based on analyses of field-specific characteristics of 104 fields in 15 countries. Results show GHG intensities of supplies from 104 fields vary from 6.2 to 43.3 g CO
eq MJ
. Due to the increase of GHG-intensive gas supplies from Russia, Central Asia, and domestic shale gas fields, the supply-energy-weighted average GHG intensity is projected to increase from 21.7 in 2016 to 23.3 CO
eq MJ
in 2030, and total well-to-city-gate emissions of gas supplies are estimated to grow by ~3 times. While securing gas supply is a top priority for the Chinese government, decreasing GHG intensity should be considered in meeting its commitment to emission reductions.
Nowadays, a large amount of information has to be transmitted or processed. This implies high-power processing, large memory density, and increased energy consumption. In several applications, such ...as imaging, radar, speech recognition, and data acquisition, the signals involved can be considered sparse or compressive in some domain. The compressive sensing theory could be a proper candidate to deal with these constraints. It can be used to recover sparse or compressive signals with fewer measurements than the traditional methods. Two problems must be addressed by compressive sensing theory: design of the measurement matrix and development of an efficient sparse recovery algorithm. These algorithms are usually classified into three categories: convex relaxation, non-convex optimization techniques, and greedy algorithms. This paper intends to supply a comprehensive study and a state-of-the-art review of these algorithms to researchers who wish to develop and use them. Moreover, a wide range of compressive sensing theory applications is summarized and some open research challenges are presented.
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