CLEC5A and CD163L1: new markers of human macrophage pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory polarization in healthy and pathological tissues.
Macrophages (Mφ) can be differentiated and polarized in vitro from ...human CD14+ monocytes under the influence of GM‐CSF (GM‐Mφ) and M‐CSF (M‐Mφ). GM‐Mφs are proinflammatory and M‐Mφs have an anti‐inflammatory phenotype. We found selective expression of the lectin C‐type lectin domain family 5 member A (CLEC5A) transcripts in GM‐Mφs and the scavenger receptor CD163 molecule‐like 1 (CD163L1) in M‐Mφs by microarray assay. In vitro, CD163L1 expression was induced by IL‐10 and M‐CSF and CLEC5A by inflammatory cytokines and cell adherence. In secondary lymphoid organs, their respective expression was restricted to CD68+/CD163+ Mφs that preferentially produced either TNF (CLEC5A+) or IL‐10 (CD163L1+). Mφs from healthy liver and colon tissue were mostly CD163L1+, and CLEC5A+ cells were scarce. In contrast, CLEC5A+ Mφs were abundant in the intestinal lamina propria from patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), with higher numbers of CLEC5A+CD163L1+ found compared with those in secondary lymphoid organs. CLEC5A+ cells were CD14+CD209−CD11b+CD11c+TNF+IL‐10+, and single positive CD163L1+ cells were CD14−CD209+CD11b−CD11c−TNF−IL‐10+ in healthy donors and had lost the ability to produce IL‐10 and to express CD209 in those with IBD. In melanomas, CLEC5A+ tumor‐associated Mφs (TAMs) were not detected in 42% of the cases evaluated, but CD163L1+ TAMs were found in 100%. Similar to IBD, CD163L1+ TAMs expressed high levels of CD209 and produced significant amounts of IL‐10, and CLEC5A+ TAMs were CD14hi and produced enhanced levels of TNF in metastases. Overall, these results suggest that CD163L1 expression is associated with tissue‐resident Mφs with an anti‐inflammatory or anergic phenotype and that CLEC5A+ Mφs exhibit TNF‐producing ability and might display a proinflammatory effect.
Wobbling double sine-Gordon kinks Campos, João G. F.; Mohammadi, Azadeh
The journal of high energy physics,
09/2021, Letnik:
2021, Številka:
9
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
A
bstract
We study the collision of a kink and an antikink in the double sine-Gordon model with and without the excited vibrational mode. In the latter case, we find that there is a limited range of ...the parameters where the resonance windows exist, despite the existence of a vibrational mode. Still, when the vibrational mode is initially excited, its energy can turn into translational energy after the collision. This creates one-bounce as well as a rich structure of higher-bounce resonance windows that depend on the wobbling phase being in or out of phase at the collision and the wobbling amplitude being sufficiently large. When the vibrational mode is excited, the modified structure of one-bounce windows is observed in the whole range of the model’s parameters, and the resonant interval with higher-bounce windows gradually increases with the wobbling amplitude. We estimated the center of the one-bounce windows using a simple analytical approximation for the wobbling evolution. The kinks’ final wobbling frequency is Lorentz contracted, which is simply derived from our equations. We also report that the maximum energy density value always has a smooth behavior in the resonance windows.
We study excitations and collisions of kinks in a scalar field theory where the potential has two minima with
Z
2
symmetry. The field potential is designed to create a square well potential in the ...stability equation of the kink excitations. The stability equation is analogous to the Schrödinger equation, and therefore we use quantum mechanics techniques to study the system. We modify the square well potential continuously, which allows the excitation to tunnel and consequently turns the normal modes of the kink into quasinormal modes. We study the effect of this transition, leading to energy leak, on isolated kink excitations. Finally, we investigate kink–antikink collisions and the resulting scaling and fractal structure of the resonance windows considering both normal and quasinormal modes and compare the results.
A
bstract
We investigate generalizations of the
ϕ
4
and sine-Gordon models, including interactions with Dirac Fermions. We observe new resonance phenomena by taking the fermion back-reaction into ...account. First, we show that the vibrational mode responsible for the resonance structure of the
ϕ
4
model has the same frequency as the energy of the fermion excited state when the back-reaction becomes more significant. Second, we consider the sine-Gordon model with the addition of a fermion field and find that a resonant structure appears, despite the absence of a scalar vibrational mode. The vibrational frequency of the mode responsible for the exchange mechanism is again the energy of the fermion excited state. Therefore, we find a new type of resonant energy exchange mechanism which is mediated by fermions.
A
bstract
We construct initial configurations for the scattering between kinks with long-range tails. For this purpose, we exploit kink solutions in the presence of Bogomol’nyi-Prasad-Sommerfield ...(BPS)-preserving impurities. This approach offers a highly efficient method and effortless implementation with a negligible computational cost. Our algorithm has a much smaller complexity than the usual minimization method, becoming more than a hundred times faster in some scenarios. Consequently, conducting kink-antikink simulations becomes remarkably straightforward.
A
bstract
The system consisting of a fermion in the background of a wobbling kink is studied in this paper. To investigate the impact of the wobbling on the fermion-kink interaction, we employ the ...time-dependent perturbation theory formalism in quantum mechanics. To do so, we compute the transition probabilities between states given in terms of the Bogoliubov coefficients. We derive Fermi’s golden rule for the model, which allows the transition to the continuum at a constant rate if the fermion-kink coupling constant is smaller than the wobbling frequency. Moreover, we study the system replacing the shape mode with a quasinormal mode. In this case, the transition rate to continuum decays in time due to the leakage of the mode, and the final transition probability decreases sharply for large coupling constants in a way that is analogous to Fermi’s golden rule. Throughout the paper, we compare the perturbative results with numerical simulations and show that they are in good agreement.
The mechanical and physicochemical effects of three-dimensional (3D) printable hydrogels on cell behavior are paramount features to consider before manufacturing functional tissues. We hypothesize ...that besides good printability and cytocompatibility of a supporting hydrogel for the manufacture of individual tissues, it is equally essential to consider beforehand the desired tissue (bone, cartilage, fat). In light of its application, the structure and stiffness of printable hydrogel matrices influence cell geometry, which in turn impacts the differentiation fate. Embedded human mesenchymal stromal cells in printable type I collagen- and chitosan-agarose blends were induced to differentiate toward osteoblasts and adipocytes. Hydrogels' printability in air versus submerged printing in perfluorocarbon was evaluated according to the height, diameter, uniformity, and stability of 3D printed vertical cylinders. Bipotent differentiation within hydrogels was assessed histologically (morphology, cellularity), by immunohistochemistry (vimentin, smooth muscle actin), two-photon microscopy (spatial distribution), and real-time polymerase chain reaction (ALP, BGLAP, OPN, RUNX2, COL 1, aP2, PPARγ-2). Agarose and agarose blends revealed the most valid printability properties by generating uniform cylinders with an average height of 4 mm. Osteogenic differentiation was preferably achieved in anisotropic soft collagen-rich substrates, whereas adipogenic differentiation mostly occurred in isotropic stiff agarose-rich matrices. The conjugation of type I collagen to agarose with varying ratios is possibly a suitable bioink for a broad range of 3D printed mesenchymal tissues.
In this article we present the synthesis, characterization, and in vitro biological and biochemical activities of new chalcogenozidovudine derivatives as antioxidant (inhibition of TBARS in brain ...membranes and thiol peroxidase-like activity) as well as antitumoral agents in bladder carcinoma 5637. A prominent response was obtained for the selected chalcogenonucleosides, showing effective antioxidant and antitumoral activities.
Hancornia speciosa Gomes (Apocynaceae) is a fruit tree, popularly known as mangabeira, and it is widely distributed throughout Brazil. Several parts of the plant are used in folk medicine, and the ...leaf and bark extracts have anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial properties. In this study, we investigated the chemical composition of the ethanolic extract of Hancornia speciosa leaves (EEHS) and its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities as well as the mechanisms involved in cell death. The chemical compounds were identified by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The antioxidant activity of the EEHS was investigated using the method that involves the scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radicals as well as the inhibition of oxidative hemolysis and lipid peroxidation induced by 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) in human erythrocytes. The antimicrobial activity was determined by calculating the minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, minimum fungicidal concentration, and zone of inhibition. Kasumi-1 leukemic cells were used to assess the cytotoxic activity and mechanisms involved in cell death promoted by the EEHS. The chemical compounds identified were quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, rutin, isoquercitrin, kaempferol-rutinoside, and catechin-pentoside. The EEHS demonstrated antioxidant activity via the sequestration of free radicals, inhibition of hemolysis, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in human erythrocytes incubated with an oxidizing agent. The antimicrobial activity was observed against American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and hospital strains of bacteria and fungi, filamentous fungi and dermatophytes. The cytotoxic activity of the EEHS was induced by apoptosis, reduction of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and activation of cathepsins. Together, these results indicate the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in the EEHS and that their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities in acute myeloid leukemia cells are mediated by apoptosis.
Electron mobility in nanocrystal films has been a controversial topic in the last few years. Theoretical and experimental studies evidencing carrier transport by hopping or showing band-like features ...have been reported in the past. A relevant factor to analyze transport results is the progressive improvement in quantum dot superlattice fabrication, leading to better regimented structures for which band-like transport would be more relevant. This work presents an efficient model to compute temperature-dependent band-like electronic mobilities in 2D quantum dot arrays when a realistic quantum dot size distribution is considered. Comparisons with experimental results are used to estimate these size distributions, in good agreement with data of the samples.
In this work we calculate temperature-dependent band-like electronic mobilities in 2D quantum dot arrays with realistic size distributions.
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