Quantum and isotope effects in lithium metal Ackland, Graeme J.; Dunuwille, Mihindra; Martinez-Canales, Miguel ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
06/2017, Letnik:
356, Številka:
6344
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The crystal structure of elements at zero pressure and temperature is the most fundamental information in condensed matter physics. For decades it has been believed that lithium, the simplest ...metallic element, has a complicated ground-state crystal structure. Using synchrotron x-ray diffraction in diamond anvil cells and multiscale simulations with density functional theory and molecular dynamics, we show that the previously accepted martensitic ground state is metastable. The actual ground state is face-centered cubic (fcc). We find that isotopes of lithium, under similar thermal paths, exhibit a considerable difference in martensitic transition temperature. Lithium exhibits nuclear quantum mechanical effects, serving as a metallic intermediate between helium, with its quantum effect–dominated structures, and the higher-mass elements. By disentangling the quantum kinetic complexities, we prove that fcc lithium is the ground state, and we synthesize it by decompression.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a procedure necessitating the administration of high-dose chemoradiotherapy. This therapy may induce aggressive disruptions that can lead to special ...nutritional and metabolic conditions. These patients are at an increased risk for malnutrition in the phase before transplantation and afterward. Artificial nutrition, total parenteral nutrition in particular, is provided to patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to help minimize adverse nutritional consequences.
Nitrogen exhibits an exceptional polymorphism under extreme conditions, making it unique amongst the elemental diatomics and a valuable testing system for experiment-theory comparison. Despite ...attracting considerable attention, the structures of many high-pressure nitrogen phases still require unambiguous determination. Here, we report the structure of the elusive high-pressure high-temperature polymorph ι-N
at 56 GPa and ambient temperature, determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction, and investigate its properties using ab initio simulations. We find that ι-N
is characterised by an extraordinarily large unit cell containing 48 N
molecules. Geometry optimisation favours the experimentally determined structure and density functional theory calculations find ι-N
to have the lowest enthalpy of the molecular nitrogen polymorphs that exist between 30 and 60 GPa. The results demonstrate that very complex structures, similar to those previously only observed in metallic elements, can become energetically favourable in molecular systems at extreme pressures and temperatures.
Summary
Background
BI 836826 is a chimeric mouse–human monoclonal antibody directed against human CD37, a transmembrane protein expressed on mature B lymphocytes. This open-label, phase I ...dose-escalation trial (NCT02624492) was conducted to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety/tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of BI 836826 in combination with gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in patients with relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL).
Methods
Eligible patients received intravenous infusions of BI 836826 on day 8 and gemcitabine 1000 mg/m
2
plus oxaliplatin 100 mg/m
2
on day 1, for up to six 14-day treatment cycles. Dose escalation followed the standard 3 + 3 design.
Results
Of 21 treated patients, 17 had relapsed/refractory DLBCL and four had follicular lymphoma transformed to DLBCL. BI 836826 dosing started at 25 mg and proceeded through 50 mg and 100 mg. Two dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) occurred during cycle 1, both grade 4 thrombocytopenia lasting > 7 days, affecting 1/6 evaluable patients (17%) in both the 50 mg and 100 mg cohorts. Due to early termination of the study, the MTD was not determined. The most common adverse events related to BI 836826 treatment were neutropenia (52%), thrombocytopenia (48%), and anemia (48%). Eight patients (38%) experienced BI 836826-related infusion-related reactions (two grade 3). Overall objective response rate was 38%, including two patients (10%) with complete remission and six patients (29%) with partial remission.
Conclusions
BI 836826 in combination with GemOx was generally well tolerated but did not exceed the MTD at doses up to 100 mg given every 14 days.
Lymphoma patients with persistent disease undergoing autologous transplantation have a very poor prognosis in the rituximab era. The addition of radioimmunotherapy to the conditioning regimen may ...improve the outcome for these patients. In a prospective, phase 2 study, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of the addition of (90)Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan to the conditioning chemotherapy in patients with refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Thirty patients with induction failure (primary refractory; n=18) or refractory to salvage immunochemotherapy at relapse (n=12) were included in the study. The median age of the patients was 53 years (range, 25-67). All patients were given (90)Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan at a fixed dose of 0.4 mCi/kg (maximum dose 32 mCi) 14 days prior to the preparative chemotherapy regimen. Histological examination showed that 22 patients had de novo diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and eight had transformed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. All patients had persistent disease at the time of transplantation, with 25 patients considered to be chemorefractory. The median time to neutrophil recovery (>500 white blood cells/μL) was 11 days (range, 9-21), while the median time to platelet recovery (>20,000 platelets/μL) was 13 days (range, 11-35). The overall response rate at day +100 was 70% (95% CI, 53.6-86.4) with 60% (95% CI, 42.5-77.5) of patients obtaining a complete response. After a median follow-up of 31 months for alive patients (range, 16-54), the estimated 3-year overall and progression-free survival rates are 63% (95% CI, 48-82) and 61% (95% CI, 45-80), respectively. We conclude that autologous transplantation with conditioning including (90)Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan is safe and results in a very high response rate with promising survival in this group of patients with refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with a very poor prognosis. Study registered at European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials (EudraCT) N. 2007-003198-22.
Las conductas agresivas en la población adolescente y joven son preocupantes. Las investigaciones muestran mayor tendencia a la violencia en los varones, pero también se ha explorado la incidencia de ...los roles de género en los distintos tipos de conductas violentas. El objetivo ha sido analizar las evidencias empíricas sobre la influencia de los roles de género medidos por el BSRI, en el comportamiento agresivo de adolescentes y jóvenes. Para ello se ha realizado una revisión sistemática según directrices PRISMA de los estudios empíricos encontrados en Academic Search, PsicInfo, ProQuest y Google Scholar, incluyendo 16 estudios. Los resultados no son del todo concluyentes: de una parte de los estudios analizados muestran una relación directa y positiva entre los comportamientos violentos, con el rol de género masculino, y el valor protector del rol femenino. Sin embargo, otra parte de las investigaciones contradicen estos resultados, encontrando en la alta feminidad y la androginia vínculos significativos con algunos tipos de conductas violentas. Es importante que nuevas investigaciones aborden este objeto de estudio.
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