Endotoxin content was determined by Limulus Amebocyte Lysate assay, and major allergens from mites, cockroach, cat, dog, mouse and rat were quantitated by ELISA in dust extracts.
An Olive latent virus 1 isolate designated GM6, obtained from a Portuguese olive tree, was characterized and the coat protein gene sequenced and analysed. The purified virus particles showed to be ...isometric with ca. 30
nm in diameter and contained a single-stranded RNA species with ca. 3.7
kb. The dsRNA profile obtained from infected tissues showed three major species with ca. 3.7, 1.5 and 1.3
kbp. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed a major peptide with an apparent molecular mass of 32
kDa identified as the coat protein. A viral genome region containing the coat protein gene was amplified by RT-PCR and the cDNA was cloned and sequenced. The coat protein gene revealed to be 813 nucleotides long and encode a peptide with 270 amino acid residues and an estimated
M
r of 29,851. Alignment of the deduced amino acid sequence with that of other necroviruses showed a higher identity with OLV-1 tulip isolate (97.7%) than with OLV-1 citrus isolate (87.7%). The consensus pattern of the coat protein ‘S’ domain is conserved in GM6 isolate coat protein sequence, except in amino acid 151, leucine. This is the first report on the coat protein sequence of an OLV-1 olive isolate.
ABSTRACT Emulsifiers and exogenous lipases are feed additives used to increase lipid utilization in broiler diets. A meta-analysis was carried out to quantify the effects of the supplementation of ...emulsifiers and exogenous lipases on broiler weight gain (BWG, g/broiler/d) and feed conversion ratio (FCR, g/g) during the whole production cycle. Studies were obtained from the PubMed, Scielo, Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. A total of 2669 studies were identified, 25 of which composed the database for the meta-analysis, representing data from a total of 14,643 broilers. These results demonstrate that there is evidence in the literature supporting that supplementation with emulsifiers or lipases improves broiler weight gain and feed conversion during the whole production cycle. However, the effect of the additives is influenced by bird sex, lipid source and concentration, type of additive and concentration, energy level of the feed, and bird strains. The isolated use of emulsifiers increases weight gain by 1.62g/day and reduces feed conversion by 0.04. However, there is no evidence that exogenous lipase use alone improves weight gain or feed conversion in broilers during the whole production cycle. The latter result may be due to the small number of studies with the additive in question, rather than its possible effects on weight gain and feed conversion. Therefore, further investigation should be conducted on this topic, especially studies on females fed diets supplemented with lipases.
Multivariate analysis revealed that respiratory infection in the first 12 months of life was associated with recurrent wheezing, OR (95% CI) 3.94 (1.29-11.98), p = 0.016, whereas allergen exposure, ...exclusive breast feeding for at least four months, male gender, and high levels of exposure to endotoxin had no effect.
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