Gymnospermous embryos are nourished by fluids secreted from the megagametophyte. During early embryony, these fluids occupy the newly formed corrosion cavity. We describe a novel method for ...extracting corrosion cavity fluid and provide chemical analyses based on extractions from approximately 120 000 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) megagametophytes. Levels of potassium, phosphorus, calcium, zinc, and iron were higher in corrosion cavity fluid than in whole tissue, but levels of sulphur and manganese were lower. Levels of cyclitols, sucrose equivalents, erythrose, and arabinose were many-fold higher in corrosion cavity fluid than in whole tissues. Ala, Ser, Arg, Glx, and NH3 exceeded 80 mmol/kg dry mass in corrosion cavity fluid. These levels were about 100-fold higher than those found in whole tissues. During early embryony, hormone levels in corrosion cavity fluid were higher than levels observed in whole megagametophytes by 120-fold for indole-3-acetic acid, 53-fold for abscisic acid, and 8- to 10-fold for cytokinins. Nutrient and hormone levels tended to be much higher in the corrosion cavity fluid than would have been predicted based on whole-tissue analyses. Dynamic changes in nutrient and hormone levels occurred over time in the corrosion cavity, and these changes may normalize embryony in situ.
In the last century there has been a remarkable expansion of studies of R?m?nuja by scholars outside the ?r?vai??ava community. This paper concentrates on the contributions of some Christian ...scholars. Many of the earlier studies focused on R?m?nujas opposition to ?a?karas interpretation of the Vedanta, with Roman Catholic scholars tending to favor ?a?kara and Protestant scholars R?m?nuja. The Belgian Jesuit Pierre Johanns argued for a Christian reinterpretation of the Vedanta that would merge the truths in the different Hindu schools, giving primary importance to ?a?kara, but modifying the Hindu teaching through the distinctive Christian doctrine of creation out of nothing. Later his fellow Jesuit Richard De Smet reaffirmed the primary value of ?a?karas own genuine teachings for Christian theology. Current studies represented in this issue affirm the positive value for Christian theology of R?m?nujas version of the Vedanta. Christian studies continue to expand their treatment of R?m?nuja, examining not just his great commentary on the Vedanta Sutras but also all the other writings that his community ascribes to him. In addition, some scholars are looking at the devotional traditions before and after him, especially the hymns of the Tamil poet-saints, composed before, and the commentaries on those hymns, written in the first centuries after him. Such expansion of Christian interpretation requires greater interpretation among scholars, both Christian and Hindu. Christian learning from another religious position begins with noticing something similar though not the same as that in their own religion. Thus far, in the case of R?m?nuja, there is no agreement as to which similarities are more significant and how they relate to some specific version of Christian theology. There may be instances of partial convergence where it is impossible for a Christian either to affirm or deny the truth of R?m?nujas teaching. Here it may be important to recognize what is often considered an aesthetic judgment: appreciation. One example is a later ?r?vai??ava estimate of R?m?nuja himself, that he fulfilled the prophecy of the poet-saint Nammalvar, being the one who initiated the end of our age of darkness and the return of the golden age.
My Pilgrimage in Mission Carman, John B.
International bulletin of mission research,
07/2008, Letnik:
32, Številka:
3
Journal Article
John Bunyan's pilgrim was on a oneway journey to the heavenly city, but many pilgrimages are round-trips: journeying to a sacred place and then returning home to resume the round of daily Uf e. Then ...there is a third type: a "wandering around" while adhering to some monastic discipline.
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