Managers engage in a variety of strategies, not randomly, but having in mind their performance implications. Therefore, strategic choices are endogenous in performance equations. Despite increasing ...efforts by various scholars in solving endogeneity bias, prior attempts have almost exclusively focused on single, one-sided, and discrete (binary) organizational decisions. Yet, in reality, managers often face multiple, simultaneous, and interdependent decisions, possibly including a continuous choice set. These choices may further entail a two-sided process between managers and others, such as employees, strategic partners, customers, or investors, whose choices and preferences also affect the final decision. We discuss how endogeneity can plague the measurement of the performance effects of these two-sided strategic decisions—which are more complex, but more realistic, than prior representations of organizational decision making. We provide an empirical demonstration of possible methods to deal with three different sources of bias, by analyzing the performance effects of two human capital choices made by founders at startup: the size and average quality of the initial workforce.
Under a climate change scenario, vineyards will experience serious challenges in the future. In an attempt to overcome such difficulties, this experiment offers a study on the effect of regulated ...deficit irrigation as a method for short-term adaptation to climate change in cv. Touriga Francesa, grafted into the rootstock 110R in the Douro region during a three-year period. Water stress on the plant and its effects on canopy, production, and quality of musts were analyzed. Rainfed vines (R0) were compared to three deficit irrigation regimes as a function of estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc): R25 (25% ETc), R50 (50% ETc), and R75 (75% ETc). Water was applied on a weekly basis whenever predawn water potential showed moderate water stress until 15 days prior to harvest. The results suggest that rainfed plants under these circumstances suffered, in general, a negative impact on vine performance, while moderate water stress had more favorable effects on fruit composition, as well as in yield. Nonetheless, further studies should be conducted as irrigation did not show consistent effects on yield or berry composition.
The Douro Region is characterized by a typically Mediterranean climate, with extreme temperatures and irregular rainfall throughout the year. This experimental trial was carried out on a vineyard ...plot of Touriga Franca, grafted in 110R, at Quinta da Cabreira, property of Quinta do Crasto, S.A., located in the Douro Region. Four irrigation modalities were established, in three blocks, according to the percentage of cultural evapotranspiration (ETc): R
0
, the control, without irrigation; R
25
, irrigated with 25% ETc; R
50
, with 50% ETc and R
75
, with 75% ETc. Irrigation had repercussions on total leaf area, with statistically significant lower value for R
0
and greater for R
75
. Concerning the ecophysiological parameters, the water leaf potential was lower in R
0
than at R
50
and R
75
. On the yield components, it was observed a higher number of clusters in R
75
and a smaller quantity in R
0
and the bunch weight was also affected by the amount of water provided, with the R
50
or R
75
having a higher value. Even if the berry weight has not presented differences, those factors affect yield, that was higher in the R
50
and R
75.
Concerning the quality, no significant differences had been found on the various components tested.
We evaluate the sources of wage losses of workers displaced due to firm closure by comparison of workers' wages before and after displacement. We decompose the sources of the wage losses into the ...contribution of firm, match quality, and job title fixed effects. Sorting into lower paying job titles represents the largest component of the monthly wage loss of displaced workers, accounting for 37 percent of the total average monthly wage loss compared to 31 percent for the firm and 32 percent for the match effects. With respect to the hourly wage losses, job title effects account for 46 percent of the total loss, while firm and match effects contribute in equal shares representing each 27 percent of the loss.
By combining insights from the widespread research on entrepreneurial spin‐offs and from the emerging literature on hiring choices in start‐ups, we investigate the role of co‐worker mobility in ...pushed and pulled spin‐off survival. Using rich register data and a multi‐stage model addressing self‐selection and endogeneity issues, we cover 28,353 spin‐offs launched between 1992 and 2007. We find that spin‐offs hiring co‐workers from the parent firm survive longer. This survival bonus is greater in pushed‐driven start‐ups. We investigate two different mechanisms through which co‐worker mobility may improve spin‐off survival – knowledge transfer and reduced searching costs. While both mechanisms play a role in explaining the survival bonus in pulled spin‐offs, co‐worker mobility seems to help pushed spin‐offs to survive mostly by reducing initial recruitment costs. This work provides novel insights on the role of context surrounding new venture creation and inter‐firm labour mobility.
The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) is an alternative tool for the evaluation of nutritional status and fertilizer recommendation of several crops. However, as this methodology ...implies the establishment of norms or standards, without which one cannot infer about the nutritional status of a crop, in Portugal this tool has little application. The aim of this study was to establish preliminary DRIS norms for vineyards in Portugal. From 2007 to 2009, petiole samples were collected on a set of 199 selected plots. The DRIS norms were established according to the proposed by Beaufils (1973), based on the results of the laboratory procedures. The results suggest the need for further studies in order to validate the DRIS norms presented. In the future it will be important to increase the number of observations for the establishment of DRIS norms, as well as to determine the relevance of establishing specific nutritional standard according the edaphic, climatic and varietal variability of Portuguese wine regions.
This paper examines the short‐ and medium‐term effects of over‐ and undereducation on individual wages using a matched employer–employee dataset from 1998 to 2012 and a novel measure of educational ...mismatch based on the flows of newly hired workers. The findings reveal that the wage differential between adequately matched and mismatched workers decreases substantially once the unobserved heterogeneity of the worker and the firm is considered. Workers' unobserved characteristics explain a large proportion of both the overeducated wage penalty and the undereducated wage premium. Additionally, variations in firms' pay policies contribute to the wage gap among mismatched workers. Finally, findings show that job mismatches have the greatest impact on early‐career individuals' wages.
This paper reports a comprehensive study on the dynamics of nascent business owners using a unique longitudinal matched employer-employee dataset. We follow over 157,000 individuals who leave paid ...employment and become business owners during the period 1992-2007. The contributions of this paper are twofold. First, we analyze both entry and exit, identifying and characterizing different profiles of individuals leaving paid employment to become business owners, and distinguishing exits by dissolution from exits by ownership transfer. Second, we provide new evidence on how particular experiences in the labor market and entry modes shape the postentry dynamics of nascent business owners. By differentiating between different entry and exit routes, this paper provides new evidence on different human capital patterns among nascent business owners and on key determinants of entrepreneurial survival. Our results suggest that different exit modes can be predicted by business owners' entry route. Furthermore, different exit modes exhibit different duration dependence patterns according to the entry mode. Additionally, the paper shows that businesses started after a displacement episode are not necessarily less successful. Those individuals entering entrepreneurship after being displaced due to previous employer closure are found to persist longer.
Using a longitudinal matched employer-employee dataset for Portugal over the 1986-2007 period, this study analyzes the wage responses to aggregate labor market conditions for newly hired workers and ...existing workers within the same firm. Accounting for worker, firm, and job title heterogeneity, the data support the hypothesis that entry wages are more procyclical than wages of stayers. A one point increase in the unemployment rate decreases wages of newly hired workers within a given firm-job title by around 2.7 percent and by 2.2 percent for stayers within the same firm-job title. Finally, the results reveal a one-for-one wage response to changes in labor productivity.
It remains a question whether serial entrepreneurs typically perform better than their novice counterparts owing to learning by doing effects or mostly because they are a selected sample of ...higher-than-average ability entrepreneurs. This paper tries to unravel these two effects by exploring a novel empirical strategy based on continuous time duration models with selection. We use a large longitudinal matched employer–employee dataset that allows us to identify about 220,000 individuals who have left their first entrepreneurial experience, out of which over 35,000 became serial entrepreneurs. We evaluate whether entrepreneurial experience acquired in the previous business improves serial entrepreneurs' survival, after taking into account self-selection issues. Our results show that serial entrepreneurs are not a random sample of ex-business owners. Robustness tests based on the estimation of the person-specific effect, using information on individuals' past histories in paid employment, confirm that serial entrepreneurs exhibit, on average, a larger person-specific effect than non-serial business owners. Moreover, ignoring serial entrepreneurs' self-selection overestimates learning by doing effects.
•We study how entrepreneurial experience influences serial entrepreneurs' survival.•We explore a novel empirical strategy based on duration models with selection.•Over 35,000 serial entrepreneurs are followed in a matched employer–employee dataset.•Serial entrepreneurs are not a random sample of ex-business-owners.•Ignoring self-selection overestimates learning by doing effects.
PDF
